Study Guide for Exam 2 Test will only have Multiple Choice or True False Questions and will take place on Tuesday Feb 28th The test will be about 40 50 questions and cover all material from reading assignments and lectures through the date of the test The test will be about 3 4 from lectures 1 4 from reading assignments If you have thoroughly filled out everything on the study guide below you should be prepared for the test Chapter 4 Behavior Control Bold terms from the reading Make sure you have done the reading well My suggestion is to make flashcards out of all the bold terms as you read each day or just make a separate list of the bold terms and make sure that you can define each bold term offer examples of each bold term etc From the lectures Self Determination Theory define intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations Know the benefits of self determined behavior Two Motivations Extrinsic originate outside the self e g outside pressure These actions are felt to be less free Intrinsic originate inside the self i e a deep passion to succeed Self determined actions are actions endorsed at the highest level of reflection and engaged in the actions with a full sense of choice Benefits of self determined behavior More satisfaction More interest in what they are doing More confidants Perform Better More creative Happier and healthier More creative involving problem solving Healthier and happier Never punish a reward What is the panic button effect Having a sense of control Just knowing you have an out makes things less stressful even if you never use it Even if you have it and don t use it you re better off Glass et al 1969 Be able to explain reactance theory What are some of the common consequences of reactance People hate having Choice Taken Away Brehm 1966 people have a negative reaction to having options taken away or freedom reduced Forbidden option is more attractive Steps to reassert freedom Act aggressively towards person who restricted freedom Ex You can t date that person Be able to define and identify examples of risk aversion temporal discounting the certainty effect keeping options open Risk Aversion Avoiding losses matters more than pursuing gains People are more upset by losing 50 than they are happy about winning 50 What did the class say about this gamble Toss coin You win 5 or you lose 5 60 of students did not play Temporal Discounting The further away a payoff is the less it is worth 1000 today is worth 1200 a year from now Certainty Effect Keeping Options Open The more certain something is the more it is worth Kahneman and Tversky 1979 asked students to evaluate insurance costing only 50 of normal but which would only pay out in 50 of cases though their premium would be refunded if they did not get the payout 80 of students chose to refuse the insurance People tend to prefer to postpone decisions if that will allow them to keep options open Double majoring We don t like to take actions that will close something off Like to allow something to open other choices Keeping options open might be part of a broader pattern of decision avoidance Omission bias do whatever requires you to do nothing Status quo bias preference to keep things the way they are Be able to define and give examples of satisficing Meeting the minimum threshold of acceptability Some people may be more picky with less choices Too many choices too stressed out Less likely to write an extra credit essay if there are more options Iyengar and Lepper 1999 2000 Be able to describe their findings and how they demonstrated why too much choice can be harmful People less likely to purchase a jam or chocolate or write an optional essay for class if given 24 or 30 options instead of 6 Reported less satisfaction with choices and wrote lower quality essays if given more choice Some people may be more picky with less choices Too many choices too stressed out Be able to describe the difference between the goals of Satisficers and Maximizers and the benefits of taking a satisficing approach to decision making Schwartz et al 2002 2004b Individual differences in people s tendency to satisfice versus maximize Maximization Scale Whenever I m faced with a choice I try to imagine what all the other possibilities are even ones that aren t present at the moment When I watch TV I channel surf often scanning through the available options even while attempting to watch one program Renting videos is really difficult I m always struggling to pick the best one On Average Maximizers are More Depressed Less Happy Less Optimistic More Regretful Less Satisfied with life Lower Self Esteem When Making Individual Decisions Maximizers Engage in More Social Comparison Take Longer Consider More Options Engage in Counterfactual Thinking Report More Regret after Choice Are Less Happy with Choices Ruminate about Choices Pick a minimum criteria that makes you happy after that just stop don t obsess hurts you more psychologically Know the definition of self control Ability to control regulate emotions desires behaviors Overriding short term desires in favor of long term benefits Self s capacity to alter its own responses Or the active management of one s many needs and goals Marshmallow Video Know the 4 main domains categories of self control be able to identify examples 1 Thought control 2 Affect regulation 3 Impulse control Try not to think about something or change thoughts Control emotion control anger bad for blood pressure Immediate impulse from environment don t slap someone if they say something rude marshmallow video 4 Performance control Want a certain grade in a class have to work a certain amount to achieve that grade regulate your own performance Describe the findings of the Mischel study 1 Tempt people Measure response 2 Mischel used 4 yr olds a Marshmallow Wait b Follow up in adulthood Individuals who waited longer for the marshmallow had attained higher levels of education had better jobs and earned more money than individuals who just couldn t wait Predicted later academic and career performance Recently researchers took our 13 item self regulation scale and compared it to an IQ test in predicting performance SR better predictor even though only a small scale Describe and give examples of 1 Wegner s 2 process theory hint know what the two systems are called know what they do know what is meant by the white bear effect know what is meant by oppression equals obsession etc Ironic processing theory 1 Monitoring system DETECTS
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