SOP3004 Unit 3 Exam Chapter 9 Prejudice Prejudice A generalized negative attitude toward members of a group Stereotype A generalized belief about members o They are not always negative o There can be good stereotypes o They are not always conscious many are non conscious o They are not always wrong Discrimination Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership o Two types Traditional and Modern Traditional Discrimination School segregation voting rights etc This type of discrimination can still be seen in sexual orientation through certain establishment s refusal to serve gays and lesbians Modern Discrimination Informal hiring practices social interactions etc More subtle then traditional but often just as damaging Aversive Racism Alternating positive and negative responses to Black people o Egalitarian views and non prejudiced self image o Negative feelings discomfort and beliefs o Response is determined by the presence of a nonracial justification for the negative response o Frey and Gartner 1986 1 Examined willingness to help a partner working on a subtle task Always white participant partnered with either a black or white They examined the percent of participants who gave letters to their partners with two categories deserving and undeserving In the deserving category there was not much difference between person black and white In undeserving category there was a big difference Less black people got help compared to the white people Aversive Racism Benevolent Sexism Paternalism seeing women as virtuous and fragile This type of sexism can be worse than hostile but it is less likely to lead to confrontation Hostile Sexism Angry responses to feminism and female dominance o Ex Not hiring women to their face because of their gender Social Origins of Prejudice o Social Status Social Inequalities Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power Social Dominance Orientation A motivation to have one s group dominate other social groups o Learned Prejudice from parents teachers friends etc Comes from our acquired values and attitudes 2 Ethnocentric Believing in the superiority of one s own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups o The Authoritarian Personality A personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of out groups and those lower in status o Religion God created a social order o Conformity Once established prejudice is maintain largely by inertia It becomes socially acceptable o Social Institutions schools government media etc May bolster prejudice through overt policies such as segregation or by passively reinforcing the status quo Social Identity Theory 3 Parts 1 We want to feel good about ourselves 2 Our identity partly comes from groups to which we belong 3 Seeing our group as better than other groups raises self esteem o The Social Identity Theory is NOT inherently negative but it can lead to negative affects Strong in group identification can lead to strong out group prejudice Tajfel and Wilkes 1963 Categorization Study o Participants judged line lengths some with letters on them some without o This study demonstrated accentuation and out group homogeneity o Accentuation Tendency to exaggerate differences between members of different categories 3 Participants also underestimated within category differences o Out Group Homogeneity Tendency to perceive more similarity among members of groups we don t belong to than among members of our own group Makes us a lot more likely to engage in stereotyping Illusory Correlation Perceiving a correlation where none exists or overestimating a correlation s magnitude Hamilton and Gifford 1976 o Caused by distinctiveness remember availability heuristic o Participants read 39 sentences of someone doing a behavior o They were then separated into groups A and B the groups varied by o Negative behaviors are more distinct they stand out o Group B became a minority group because they had less people and o Participants were asked how many positive and negative behaviors each group performed and they overestimated the negative behaviors of Group size B less sentences o Participants were asked to describe traits of each group and they described Group B in more negative terms Two Stage Activation Process 1 Activation Stereotype comes to mind 2 Application Using the stereotype o Devine 1989 He believed that Activation was universally automatic and that Application was controlled 4 Activation Wittenbrink 1997 o White participants primed with the word Black or White o Lexical decision task word or not o The words were positive or negative Black and White stereotypes o Participants who were primed the word Black only activated the negative o Participants who activated the positive White stereotypes were White Black stereotypes participants o Not all stereotypes were activated o They found that explicit prejudice is correlated with stereotype activation o Activation is NOT universal it requires motivation Gilbert and Hixon 1991 o Study 1 Participants saw cards turned containing word fragments Some fragments could be completed with Asian stereotypes e g R CE S Y Card turner was either Asian or White Participants either cognitively busy or not Participants who were cognitively busy filled in about the same amount of words with the Asian and the White card turner Participants who were not cognitively busy filled in more Asian stereotypes with the Asian card turner MEANING Devine 1989 is NOT right Activation is NOT automatic o Study 2 5 Phase 1 Participants see Asian card turner vs White card turner Phase 2 Participants listen to typical day in her life 4 busyness conditions 1 Busy during card turning Busy during listening Always busy 2 Busy during card turning Not busy during listening Early busy 3 Not busy during card turning Busy during listening Late busy 4 Not busy during car turning Not busy during listening Never busy In the Always and Early busy categories the stereotypes were NOT activated applied applied In the Late busy category the stereotypes were activated and In the Never busy category the stereotypes were activated but not Dual Attitude Approach People have explicit and implicit attitudes towards social groups o Explicit Prejudice Predicts overt bias policy attitudes o Implicit Prejudice Often more negative Predicts nonverbal bias split second decisions Split second implicit biases have very real
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