PowerPoint PresentationWhat are “Machine Structures”?61C Levels of RepresentationAnatomy: 5 components of any ComputerOverview of Physical ImplementationsIntegrated Circuits (2003 state-of-the-art)Printed Circuit BoardsTechnology Trends: Memory Capacity (Single-Chip DRAM)Technology Trends: Microprocessor ComplexityTechnology Trends: Processor PerformanceComputer Technology - Dramatic Change!Slide 12Technology in the NewsCS61C: So what's in it for me?Others Skills learned in 61CCourse Lecture OutlineTextsTried-and-True Technique: Peer InstructionPeer InstructionWeekly ScheduleHomeworks, Labs and Projects2 Course Exams + 2 Faux ExamsYour final gradeExtra Credit: EPA!Course Problems…CheatingEnrollmentTeaching AssistantsStudent Learning Center (SLC)SummaryCS 61C L01 Introduction (1)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBLecturer PSOE Dan Garciawww.cs.berkeley.edu/~ddgarciainst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c CS61C : Machine Structures Lecture 1 – Introduction 2004-08-30New show this Fall “Father of the Pride” is the 1st attempt at prime-time 3D animation. “An Adult Comedy from makers of Shrek”, premieres Tues 9pm on NBC. www.nbc.com/nbc/Father_of_the_Pride/CS 61C L01 Introduction (2)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCB61CWhat are “Machine Structures”?*Coordination of many levels (layers) of abstractionI/O systemProcessorCompilerOperatingSystem(Mac OS X)Application (ex: browser)Digital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction Set ArchitectureDatapath & Control transistorsMemoryHardwareSoftwareAssemblerCS 61C L01 Introduction (3)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCB61C Levels of RepresentationHigh Level Language Program (e.g., C)Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)Machine Language Program (MIPS)Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., Verilog Language) CompilerAssemblerMachine Interpretationtemp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Logic Circuit Description (Verilog Language)Architecture Implementationwire [31:0] dataBus;regFile registers (databus);ALU ALUBlock (inA, inB, databus);wire w0;XOR (w0, a, b);AND (s, w0, a);CS 61C L01 Introduction (4)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBAnatomy: 5 components of any ComputerPersonal Computer Processor ComputerControl(“brain”)Datapath(“brawn”)Memory(where programs, data live whenrunning)DevicesInputOutputKeyboard, MouseDisplay, PrinterDisk (where programs, data live whennot running)CS 61C L01 Introduction (5)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBOverview of Physical Implementations°Integrated Circuits (ICs)•Combinational logic circuits, memory elements, analog interfaces. °Printed Circuits (PC) boards•substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation. °Power Supplies•Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels. °Chassis (rack, card case, ...) •holds boards, power supply, provides physical interface to user or other systems. °Connectors and Cables. The hardware out of which we make systems.CS 61C L01 Introduction (6)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBIntegrated Circuits (2003 state-of-the-art)°Primarily Crystalline Silicon°1mm - 25mm on a side°2003 - feature size ~ 0.13µm = 0.13 x 10-6 m °100 - 400M transistors°(25 - 100M “logic gates")°3 - 10 conductive layers° “CMOS” (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - most common.°Package provides:•spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level •heat dissipation. °Ceramic or plastic with gold wires. Chip in PackageBare DieCS 61C L01 Introduction (7)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBPrinted Circuit Boards°fiberglass or ceramic°1-20 conductive layers °1-20in on a side °IC packages are soldered down.CS 61C L01 Introduction (8)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBTechnology Trends: Memory Capacity(Single-Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000 0100000000 01970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size (Mbit) 1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 161996 641998 1282000 2562002 512• Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years.• 8000X since 1980!CS 61C L01 Introduction (9)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBYearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: Microprocessor Complexity2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 yearsCalled “Moore’s Law” Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s LawAthlon (K7): 22 MillionItanium 2: 410 MillionCS 61C L01 Introduction (10)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBTechnology Trends: Processor Performance010020030040050060070080090087 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97DEC Alpha 21264/600DEC Alpha 5/500DEC Alpha 5/300DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 1001.54X/yrIntel P4 2000 MHz(Fall 2001)We’ll talk about processor performance later on…yearPerformance measureCS 61C L01 Introduction (11)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBComputer Technology - Dramatic Change!°Memory•DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ‘96); 64x size improvement in last decade. °Processor•Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ‘85); 100X performance in last decade.°Disk•Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ‘97)250X size in last decade.CS 61C L01 Introduction (12)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBComputer Technology - Dramatic Change!°State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…)•Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz)•Memory capacity: 4000 MegaBytes(4.0 GigaBytes)•Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes(2.0 TeraBytes)•New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)Come up with a clever mnemonic, fame!CS 61C L01 Introduction (13)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBTechnology in the News°BIG•LaCie the first to offer consumer-level 1.6 Terabyte disk!•$2,200•Weighs 11 pounds!•5 1/4” form-factor°SMALL•Pretec is soon offering a 12GB CompactFlash card•Size of a silver dollar•Cost? > New Honda!www.lacie.com/products/product.htm?id=10129www.engadget.com/entry/4463693158281236/CS 61C L01 Introduction (14)Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBCS61C: So what's in it for me?°Learn some of the big ideas in CS & engineering:•5 Classic components of a Computer•Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is•Stored program concept: instructions just data•Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache)•Greater
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