PowerPoint PresentationReviewWhat are “Machine Structures”?Below the ProgramSynchronous Digital SystemsLogic DesignLogic GatesPhysical HardwareTransistors 101Transistor Circuit Rep. vs. Block diagramSignals and Waveforms: ClocksSignals and Waveforms: AddersSignals and Waveforms: GroupingSignals and Waveforms: Circuit DelayType of CircuitsCircuits with STATE (e.g., register)Peer InstructionSample Debugging WaveformAnd in semi conclusion…AdministriviaAccumulator ExampleFirst try…Does this work?Second try…How about this?Register Details…What’s inside?What’s the timing of a Flip-flop? (1/2)What’s the timing of a Flip-flop? (2/2)Recap of Timing TermsAccumulator Revisited (proper timing 1/2)Accumulator Revisited (proper timing 2/2)Slide 30“And In conclusion…”CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (1)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBScott Beamer, Instructorinst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c CS61C : Machine Structures Lecture #14Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems 2007-7-18CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (2)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBReviewC program: foo.cAssembly program: foo.sExecutable(mach lang pgm): a.outCompilerAssemblerLinkerLoaderMemoryObject(mach lang module): foo.olib.oCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (3)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCB61CWhat are “Machine Structures”?Coordination of many levels of abstractionI/O systemProcessorCompilerOperatingSystem(MacOS X)Application (Netscape)Digital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction Set ArchitectureDatapath & Control transistorsMemoryHardwareSoftwareAssemblerWe’ll investigate lower abstraction layers!(contract between HW & SW)CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (4)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBBelow the Program•High-level language program (in C) swap int v[], int k){int temp;temp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;}•Assembly language program (for MIPS)swap: sll $2, $5, 2add $2, $4,$2lw $15, 0($2)lw $16, 4($2)sw $16, 0($2)sw $15, 4($2)jr $31•Machine (object) code (for MIPS) 000000 00000 00101 0001000010000000 000000 00100 00010 0001000000100000 . . .C compilerassembler?CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (5)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSynchronous Digital SystemsSynchronous:•Means all operations are coordinated by a central clock.-It keeps the “heartbeat” of the system!Digital:•Mean all values are represented by discrete values•Electrical signals are treated as 1’s and 0’s and grouped together to form words.The hardware of a processor, such as the MIPS, is an example of a Synchronous Digital SystemCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (6)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBLogic Design•Next 2 weeks: we’ll study how a modern processor is built; starting with basic elements as building blocks.•Why study hardware design?•Understand capabilities and limitations of hardware in general and processors in particular.•What processors can do fast and what they can’t do fast (avoid slow things if you want your code to run fast!)•Background for more detailed hardware courses (CS 150, CS 152)•There is just so much you can do with processors. At some point you may need to design your own custom hardware.CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (7)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBLogic Gates•Basic building blocks are logic gates.•In the beginning, did ad hoc designs, and then saw patterns repeated, gave names•Can build gates with transistors and resistors•Then found theoretical basis for design•Can represent and reason about gates with truth tables and Boolean algebra•Assume know some truth tables and Boolean algebra from a math or circuits course. •Section B.2 in the textbook has a reviewCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (8)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBPhysical HardwareLet’s look closer…PowerPCCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (9)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBTransistors 101•MOSFET•Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor•Come in two types:-n-type NMOSFET-p-type PMOSFET•For n-type (p-type opposite)•If voltage not enough between G & S,transistor turns “off” (cut-off)and Drain-Source NOT connected•If the G & S voltage is high enough,transistor turns “on” (saturation)and Drain-Source ARE connectedp-typen-typeDGSDGSSide viewwww.wikipedia.org/wiki/MosfetCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (10)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBTransistor Circuit Rep. vs. Block diagram•Chips is composed of nothing but transistors and wires.•Small groups of transistors form useful building blocks.•Block are organized in a hierarchy to build higher-level blocks: ex: adders.a b c0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0“1” (voltage source)“0” (ground)CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (11)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSignals and Waveforms: ClocksCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (12)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSignals and Waveforms: AddersCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (13)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSignals and Waveforms: GroupingBus - more than one signal treated as a unitCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (14)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSignals and Waveforms: Circuit DelayCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (15)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBType of Circuits•Synchronous Digital Systems are made up of two basic types of circuits:•Combinational Logic (CL) circuits•Our previous adder circuit is an example.•Output is a function of the inputs only.•Similar to a pure function in mathematics, y = f(x). (No way to store information from one invocation to the next. No side effects) •State Elements: circuits that store information.CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (16)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBCircuits with STATE (e.g., register)CS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (17)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBPeer InstructionA. SW can peek at HW (past ISA abstraction boundary) for optimizationsB. SW can depend on particular HW implementation of ISAC. Timing diagrams serve as a critical debugging tool in the EE toolkit ABC1: FFF2: FFT3: FTF4: FTT5: TFF6: TFT7: TTF8: TTTCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (18)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBSample Debugging WaveformCS61C L14 Introduction to Synchronous Digital Systems (19)Beamer, Summer 2007 © UCBAnd in semi conclusion…•ISA is very important abstraction
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