CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 1 Introduction 1 18 2006 John Wawrzynek Warznek www cs berkeley edu johnw www inst eecs berkeley edu cs61c CS 61C L01 Introduction 1 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB What are Machine Structures Application ex browser Operating System Windows 2K Assembler Compiler Software Hardware Processor Memory I O system 61C Instruction Set Architecture Datapath Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors Coordination of many levels layers of abstraction CS 61C L01 Introduction 2 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB 61C Levels of Representation abstractions temp v k v k v k 1 v k 1 temp High Level Language Program e g C Compiler Assembly Language Program e g MIPS Assembler Machine Language Program MIPS Machine Interpretation lw lw sw sw 0000 1010 1100 0101 t0 0 2 t1 4 2 t1 0 2 t0 4 2 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Register File Hardware Architecture Description e g block diagrams ALU Architecture Implementation Logic Circuit Description Circuit Schematic Diagrams CS 61C L01 Introduction 3 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Anatomy 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Computer Processor Control brain Datapath brawn Memory where programs data live when running Devices Input Output Keyboard Mouse Disk where programs data live when not running Display Printer CS 61C L01 Introduction 4 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Overview of Physical Implementations The hardware out of which we make systems Integrated Circuits ICs Combinational logic circuits memory elements analog interfaces Printed Circuits PC boards substrate for ICs and interconnection distribution of CLK Vdd and GND signals heat dissipation Power Supplies Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels Chassis rack card case holds boards power supply provides physical interface to user or other systems Connectors and Cables CS 61C L01 Introduction 5 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Integrated Circuits 2005 state of the art Bare Die Primarily Crystalline Silicon 1mm 25mm on a side 2005 feature size 90nm 90 x 10 9 m 100 1000M transistors 25 100M logic gates 3 10 conductive layers Chip in Package CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor most common Package provides spreading of chip level signal paths to board level heat dissipation Ceramic or plastic with gold wires CS 61C L01 Introduction 6 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Printed Circuit Boards fiberglass or ceramic 1 20 conductive layers 1 20in on a side IC packages are soldered down Provides Mechanical support Distribution of power and heat CS 61C L01 Introduction 7 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Technology Trends Memory Capacity Single Chip DRAM size 1000000000 100000000 Bits 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year Now 1 4X yr or 2X every 2 years 8000X since 1980 CS 61C L01 Introduction 8 2000 year size Mbit 1980 0 0625 1983 0 25 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 1998 128 2000 256 2002 512 2004 1024 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Technology Trends Microprocessor Complexity 2X transistors Chip Every 2 years Called Moore s Law CS 61C L01 Introduction 9 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Processor Performance SPECint 10000 Performance vs VAX 11 780 20 year 1000 52 year 100 10 25 year 1 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 VAX 25 year 1978 to 1986 RISC x86 52 year 1986 to 2002 RISC x86 20 year 2002 to present CS 61C L01 Introduction 10 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Computer Technology Dramatic Change Processor 2X in speed every 1 5 years since 85 100X performance in last decade Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years since 96 64x size improvement in last decade Disk Capacity 2X 1 year since 97 250X size in last decade Will these trends continue CS 61C L01 Introduction 11 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Technology Trends what s next CS 61C L01 Introduction 12 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB CS61C So what s in it for me Learn some of the big ideas in CS engineering Principle of abstraction used to build systems as layers 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything integers floating point characters a program determines what it is Stored program concept instructions just data Principle of Locality exploited via a memory hierarchy cache Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Principles Pitfalls of Performance Measurement CS 61C L01 Introduction 13 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Others Skills learned in 61C Learning C If you know one you should be able to learn another programming language largely on your own Given that you know C or Java should be easy to pick up their ancestor C Assembly Language Programming This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas Hardware design We learn just the basics hardware design CS 150 152 teach this in more detail CS 61C L01 Introduction 14 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Course Topic Outline Number representations C Language basics pointers Storage management Assembly Programming Floating Point Compilation Assembly Logic Circuit Design CPU organization Pipelining Caches Virtual Memory Performance I O Interrupts Disks Networks Advanced Topics CS 61C L01 Introduction 15 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Texts Required Computer Organization and Design The Hardware Software Interface Third Edition Patterson and Hennessy COD The second edition is not suggested Required The C Programming Language Kernighan and Ritchie K R 2nd edition Reading assignments on web page Read P H Chapter 1 and sections 3 1 3 2 as soon as possible this week and K R Chapters 1 4 before Monday CS 61C L01 Introduction 16 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Class Meetings Monday Lecture Discussion Session 1 hour Mon Tue or Wed Wednesday Lecture Lab Session 2 hours Wed Thur or Fri Friday Lecture There IS lab this week CS 61C L01 Introduction 17 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Homework Labs and Projects Lab exercises every week Homework exercises every week Due Wednesday at 11 59pm Homeworks due Mon on Exam weeks Projects every 2 to 3 weeks All exercises reading homeworks projects in course reader and on course web page www inst eecs berkeley edu cs61c CS 61C L01 Introduction 18 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB 3 Course Exams Midterm 1 Wed 7pm Feb 22nd room TBA Give 2 hours for 1 hour exam Open Book Notes Review sessions TBA Midterm 2 Wed 7pm Apr 19th room TBA Final Tu May 9th 6 9pm Day after final class You ll be done with 61C early Tentative Dates Pending Room Availability CS 61C L01 Introduction 19 Wawrzynek Spring 2006 UCB Your
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