inst eecs berkeley edu cs61c CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 1 Introduction 2010 01 20 I stand on the shoulders of giants Prof Prof David Patterson John Wawrznek Lecturer SOE Mike Clancy Prof David Culler There are two handouts today at the front and back of the room Lecturer SOE Dan Garcia www cs berkeley edu ddgarcia Protests worked Choosing UCs over prisons this is a historic and transforming realignment of California s priorities The protests UCs were the tipping point our univ system is going to get the support it deserves www nytimes com 2010 01 07 us 07calif html Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 1 TA Kurt Meinz TA Andy Carle Where does CS61C fit in TA TA David Jacobs Jeremy Huddleston Thanks to these talented folks many others whose contributions have helped make CS61C a really tremendous course Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 2 Are Computers Smart To a programmer Very complex operations functions map lambda x x x 1 2 3 4 CS61B No longer a prereq Automatic memory management List l new List Basic structures Integers floats strings simple commands Computers are smart http hkn eecs berkeley edu student cs prereq chart1 gif CS61C L01 Introduction 3 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Are Computers Smart Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 4 What are Machine Structures In real life at the lowest level Application ex browser Only a handful of operations Compiler Software and or not No automatic memory management At the lowest level only 2 values Hardware Assembler Operating System Mac OSX Processor Memory I O system CS61C Instruction Set Architecture Datapath Control Digital Design Circuit Design 0 1 or low high or off on transistors Computers are dumb CS61C L01 Introduction 5 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Coordination of many levels layers of abstraction CS61C L01 Introduction 6 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C Levels of Representation Compiler Assembly Language Program e g MIPS Assembler Machine Language Program MIPS Machine Interpretation lw lw sw sw t0 0 2 t1 4 2 t1 0 2 t0 4 2 0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 John von Neumann invented this architecture 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Computer Processor Hardware Architecture Description e g block diagrams Control brain Architecture Implementation Datapath brawn Memory where programs data live when running Devices Input Output Logic Circuit Description Circuit Schematic Diagrams Keyboard Mouse Disk where programs data live when not running Display Printer Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 7 Overview of Physical Implementations The hardware out of which we make systems Integrated Circuits ICs Combinational logic circuits memory elements analog interfaces Integrated Circuits 2009 state of the art Bare Die Printed Circuits PC boards substrate for ICs and interconnection distribution of CLK Vdd and GND signals heat dissipation Power Supplies Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 8 Chip in Package Primarily Crystalline Silicon 1mm 25mm on a side 2009 feature size 45 nm 45 x 10 9 m then 32 22 and 16 by yr 2013 100 1000M transistors 25 100M logic gates 3 10 conductive layers CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductor most common Package provides Chassis rack card case holds boards power supply provides physical interface to user or other systems spreading of chip level signal paths to board level heat dissipation Ceramic or plastic with gold wires Connectors and Cables Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 9 Printed Circuit Boards Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 10 Moore s Law Predicts 2X Transistors chip every 2 years fiberglass or ceramic 1 20 conductive layers 1 20 in on a side IC packages are soldered down of transistors on an integrated circuit IC The Hands of God and Man Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni High Level Language Program e g C Anatomy 5 components of any Computer temp v k v k v k 1 v k 1 temp Gordon Moore Intel Cofounder B S Cal 1950 Provides Mechanical support Distribution of power and heat CS61C L01 Introduction 11 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Year en wikipedia org wiki Moore s law CS61C L01 Introduction 12 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Computer Technology Growth Performance vs VAX 11 780 Performance vs VAX 11 780 Technology Trends Uniprocessor Performance SPECint 10000 3X Sea change in chip design multiple cores or processors per chip 1000 You just learned the difference between Kilo Mega and Kibi Mebi 1 20x year 20 year 10 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Principle of abstraction 64x size last decade When you graduate 128 GibiBytes Peta 1015 Pebi 250 Integers floating point characters A program determines what it is Stored program concept instructions just data Capacity 2x 1 year since 97 250X size last decade Exa 1018 Exbi 260 Zetta 1021 Zebi 270 Yotta 1024 Yobi 280 Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 14 Learning C Assembly Language Programming This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas Principle of Locality Exploited via a memory hierarchy cache Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Compilation v interpretation through system layers Principles Pitfalls of Performance Measurement CS61C L01 Introduction 15 If you know one you should be able to learn another programming language largely on your own If you know C or Java it should be easy to pick up their ancestor C Used to build systems as layers 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything Tera 1012 Tebi 240 Others Skills learned in 61C Learn some of the big ideas in CS Engineering Capacity 2x 2 years since 96 Not nec all on one disk CS61C So what s in it for me When you graduate 8 TeraBytes VAX 1 25x year 1978 to 1986 RISC x86 1 52x year 1986 to 2002 RISC x86 1 20x year 2002 to present CS61C L01 Introduction 13 Mega 106 Mebi 220 Giga 109 Gibi 230 Disk 1 25x year 1982 100X performance last decade When you graduate 4 GHz 32 Cores Memory DRAM 100 1980 Kilo 103 Kibi 210 Speed 2x 1 5 years since 85 slowing 1 52x year 1 1978 Processor Garcia Spring 2010 UCB Yoda says Hardware design We ll learn just the basics of hardware design CS 150 152 teach this in more detail Garcia Spring 2010 UCB CS61C L01 Introduction 16 What is this Always in motion is the future 5 min t Attention over time Our schedule may change slightly depending on some factors This
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