CS61C L01 Introduction (1)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!! !Lecturer SOE Dan Garcia!! !www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ddgarcia inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c "CS61C : Machine Structures"Lecture #1 – Introduction"2010-01-20!There are two handouts today at the front and back of the room!! Protests worked! ⇒ “Choosing UCs over prisons … this is a historic and transforming realignment of California’s priorities” … “The protests @ UCs were the tipping point … our univ system is going to get the support it deserves” www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/us/07calif.html CS61C L01 Introduction (2)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!“I stand on the shoulders of giants…”!Thanks to these talented folks (& many others) whose contributions have helped make CS61C a really tremendous course! !Prof"David Patterson!Prof"John Wawrznek!TA"Andy Carle!TA"Kurt Meinz!Prof"David Culler!Lecturer SOE"Mike Clancy!TA"David Jacobs!TA"Jeremy Huddleston!CS61C L01 Introduction (3)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Where does CS61C fit in?!http://hkn.eecs.berkeley.edu/student/cs-prereq-chart1.gif!CS61B"No longer"a prereq!!CS61C L01 Introduction (4)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Are Computers Smart?!• To a programmer:!• Very complex operations / functions:!- (map (lambda (x) (* x x)) '(1 2 3 4))!• Automatic memory management:!- List l = new List;!• “Basic” structures:!- Integers, floats, strings, simple commands!Computers are smart!"CS61C L01 Introduction (5)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Are Computers Smart?!• In real life at the lowest level:!• Only a handful of operations:!- {and, or, not}!• No automatic memory management.!• At the lowest level, only 2 values: !- {0, 1} or {low, high} or {off, on}!Computers are dumb!"CS61C L01 Introduction (6)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!CS61C"What are “Machine Structures”?!Coordination of many "levels (layers) of abstraction!I/O system!Processor!Compiler!Operating!System!(Mac OSX)!Application (ex: browser)!Digital Design!Circuit Design!Instruction Set! Architecture!Datapath & Control !transistors!Memory!Hardware!Software!Assembler!CS61C L01 Introduction (7)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!CS61C Levels of Representation!lw ! $t0, 0($2)!lw ! $t1, 4($2)!sw! $t1, 0($2)!sw! $t0, 4($2)!High Level Language Program (e.g., C)!Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)!Machine Language Program (MIPS)!Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., block diagrams) "Compiler!Assembler!Machine Interpretation!temp = v[k];!v[k] = v[k+1];!v[k+1] = temp;"0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 !Logic Circuit Description"(Circuit Schematic Diagrams)!Architecture Implementation!The Hands of God and Man : Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni"CS61C L01 Introduction (8)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer! Processor!Computer!Control!(“brain”)!Datapath!(“brawn”)!Memory!(where "programs, "data "live when"running)!Devices!Input!Output!Keyboard, "Mouse"Display, #Printer"Disk #(where "programs, "data "live when"not running)"John von Neumann"invented this architecture!CS61C L01 Introduction (9)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Overview of Physical Implementations!• Integrated Circuits (ICs)!• Combinational logic circuits, memory elements, analog interfaces. !• Printed Circuits (PC) boards!• substrate for ICs and interconnection, distribution of CLK, Vdd, and GND signals, heat dissipation. !• Power Supplies!• Converts line AC voltage to regulated DC low voltage levels. !• Chassis (rack, card case, ...) !• holds boards, power supply, provides physical interface to user or other systems. !• Connectors and Cables. !The hardware out of which we make systems. CS61C L01 Introduction (10)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Integrated Circuits (2009 state-of-the-art)!• Primarily Crystalline Silicon!• 1mm - 25mm on a side!• 2009 feature size ~ 45 nm = 45 x 10-9 m"(then 32, 22, and 16 [by yr 2013]) !• 100 - 1000M transistors!• (25 - 100M “logic gates”)!• 3 - 10 conductive layers!• “CMOS” (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) - most common.!• Package provides:!• spreading of chip-level signal paths to board-level !• heat dissipation. !• Ceramic or plastic with gold wires. !Chip in Package Bare Die CS61C L01 Introduction (11)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Printed Circuit Boards!• fiberglass or ceramic!• 1-20 conductive layers !• 1-20 in on a side !• IC packages are soldered down.!• Provides:!• Mechanical support!• Distribution of power and heat.!CS61C L01 Introduction (12)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!Mooreʼs Law!Predicts: 2X Transistors / chip every 2 years!Gordon Moore"Intel Cofounder"B.S. Cal 1950!!Year!# of transistors on an "integrated circuit (IC)!en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawCS61C L01 Introduction (13)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!1 10 100 1000 10000 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Performance (vs. VAX-11/780) 20%/year Technology Trends: "Uniprocessor Performance (SPECint)!• VAX : 1.25x/year 1978 to 1986 • RISC + x86: 1.52x/year 1986 to 2002 • RISC + x86: 1.20x/year 2002 to present 1.25x/year 1.52x/year 1.20x/year Performance (vs. VAX-11/780)!3X “Sea change” in chip design: multiple “cores” or processors per chip CS61C L01 Introduction (14)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!• Processor!• Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since ʼ85) [slowing!]!• 100X performance last decade!• When you graduate: 4 GHz, 32 Cores!• Memory (DRAM)!• Capacity: 2x / 2 years (since ʼ96)!• 64x size last decade. !• When you graduate: 128 GibiBytes!• Disk!• Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since ʼ97)!• 250X size last decade.!• When you graduate: 8 TeraBytes!…Not nec all on one disk!Kilo (103) & Kibi (210)!!Mega (106) & Mebi (220)!!Giga (109) & Gibi (230)!!Tera (1012) & Tebi (240)!!Peta (1015) & Pebi (250)!!Exa (1018) & Exbi (260)!!Zetta (1021) & Zebi (270)!!Yotta (1024) & Yobi (280)!Computer Technology - Growth!!You just learned the difference between (Kilo, Mega, …) and (Kibi, Mebi, …)!!CS61C L01 Introduction (15)!Garcia, Spring 2010 © UCB!CS61C: So, whatʼs in it for me?!• Learn some of the big ideas in CS & Engineering:!• Principle
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