inst eecs berkeley edu cs61c CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 1 Introduction 2005 01 19 Lecturer PSOE Dan Garcia www cs berkeley edu ddgarcia Time Lapse In the next 4 yrs time lapse movies will show the construction of the new CITRIS building Very cool www cs berkeley edu ddgarcia tl CS61C L01 Introduction 1 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Teaching Assistants Andy Carle Head TA Steven Kusalo Danny Krause Casey Ho CS61C L01 Introduction 2 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB What are Machine Structures Application ex browser Compiler Software Hardware Assembler Operating System Mac OS X Processor Memory I O system 61C Instruction Set Architecture Datapath Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors Coordination of many levels layers of abstraction CS61C L01 Introduction 3 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB 61C Levels of Representation temp v k v k v k 1 v k 1 temp High Level Language Program e g C Compiler Assembly Language Program e g MIPS Assembler Machine Language Program MIPS Machine Interpretation lw lw sw sw 0000 1010 1100 0101 Hardware Architecture Description e g Verilog Language Architecture Implementation Logic Circuit Description Verilog Language CS61C L01 Introduction 4 t0 0 2 t1 4 2 t1 0 2 t0 4 2 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 wire 31 0 dataBus regFile registers databus ALU ALUBlock inA inB databus wire w0 XOR w0 a b AND s w0 a Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Anatomy 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Computer Processor Control brain Datapath brawn Memory where programs data live when running Devices Input Output Keyboard Mouse Disk where programs data live when not running Display Printer CS61C L01 Introduction 5 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Technology Trends Memory Capacity Single Chip DRAM size 1000000000 100000000 10000000 Bits 1000000 100000 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year Now 1 4X yr or 2X every 2 years 8000X since 1980 CS61C L01 Introduction 9 2000 year Mbit 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 1998 2000 2002 size 0 0625 0 25 1 4 16 64 128 256 512 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Technology Trends Microprocessor Complexity 100000000 Itanium 2 410 Million Athlon K7 22 Million Alpha 21264 15 million Pentium Pro 5 5 million PowerPC 620 6 9 million Alpha 21164 9 3 million Sparc Ultra 5 2 million 10000000 Moore s Law Pentium i80486 1000000 i80386 i80286 Transistors 100000 2X transistors Chip Every 1 5 years i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year CS61C L01 Introduction 10 1990 1995 2000 Called Moore s Law Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Technology Trends Processor Performance Performance measure 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Intel P4 2000 MHz Fall 2001 DEC Alpha 21264 600 1 54X yr DEC Alpha 5 500 DEC Alpha 5 300 DEC Alpha 4 266 IBM POWER 100 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 year We ll talk about processor performance later on CS61C L01 Introduction 11 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Computer Technology Dramatic Change Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years since 96 64x size improvement in last decade Processor Speed 2x 1 5 years since 85 100X performance in last decade Disk Capacity 2x 1 year since 97 250X size in last decade CS61C L01 Introduction 12 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Computer Technology Dramatic Change We ll see that Kilo Mega etc are incorrect tommorrow State of the art PC when you graduate at least Processor clock speed 5000 MegaHertz 5 0 GigaHertz Memory capacity 4 0 GigaBytes 4000 MegaBytes Disk capacity 2 0 TeraBytes 2000 GigaBytes New units Mega Giga Giga Tera Kilo Mega Giga Tera Peta Exa Zetta Yotta 1024 Come up with a clever mnemonic fame It must have 1st 2 letters of each word E g Kim Meat CS61C L01 Introduction 13 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB CS61C So what s in it for me Learn some of the big ideas in CS engineering 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything integers floating point characters a program determines what it is Stored program concept instructions just data Principle of Locality exploited via a memory hierarchy cache Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Principle of abstraction used to build systems as layers Compilation v interpretation thru system layers Principles Pitfalls of Performance Measurement CS61C L01 Introduction 15 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Others Skills learned in 61C Learning C If you know one you should be able to learn another programming language largely on your own Given that you know C or Java should be easy to pick up their ancestor C Assembly Language Programming This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas Hardware design We think of hardware at the abstract level with only a little bit of physical logic to give things perspective CS 150 152 teach this CS61C L01 Introduction 16 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Course Lecture Outline Number representations C Language basics pointers Storage management Assembly Programming Floating Point make ing an Executable Caches Virtual Memory Logic Design Introduction to Verilog HDL CPU organization Pipelining Performance I O Interrupts Disks Networks Advanced Topics CS61C L01 Introduction 17 C C Java Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Texts Required Computer Organization and Design The Hardware Software Interface Third Edition Patterson and Hennessy COD The second edition is far inferior and is not suggested Required The C Programming Language Kernighan and Ritchie K R 2nd edition Reading assignments on web page CS61C L01 Introduction 18 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Tried and True Technique Peer Instruction Increase real time learning in lecture test understanding of concepts vs details As complete a segment ask multiple choice question 1 2 minutes to decide yourself 3 minutes in pairs triples to reach consensus Teach others 5 7 minute discussion of answers questions clarifications Buy PRS transmitters from ASUC student store or others calmatrix berkeley edu Student 20Life Flea 20Market 14 211 3sqlaJ3dbgf 2 CS61C L01 Introduction 19 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Peer Instruction Read textbook Reduces examples have to do in class Get more from lecture also good advice Fill out 3 question Web Form on reading released mondays due every Friday before lecture Graded for effort not correctness This counts for E ffort in EPA score CS61C L01 Introduction 20 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Weekly Schedule We are having discussion lab and office hours this week Dis 118 We are MOVING discussion 118 to Wednesdays noon 1pm in 320 Soda CS61C L01 Introduction 21 Garcia Spring 2005 UCB Homeworks Labs and Projects
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