Overview Intro to Machine Structures 5 minutes CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 1 August 30 2000 Organization and Anatomy of a Computer 10 min Rapid Technological Change 5 min Dave Patterson http cs berkeley edu patterson Course Style Philosophy and Structure 20 min Conclusion 1 min http www inst eecs berkeley edu cs61c cs 61C L1 Intro 1 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB cs 61C L1 Intro 2 Levels of Representation What are Machine Structures Application Netscape Software Hardware Processor Memory I O system temp v k High Level Language Program e g C 61C Operating Compil er System Assembler Windows 98 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Instruction Set Architecture v k v k 1 61C Compil er v k 1 temp lw to 0 2 lw t1 4 2 sw t1 0 2 sw t0 4 2 Assembly Language Program e g MIPS Datapath Control Assembler Digi tal Design Circuit Design Machine Language Program MIPS transistors Coordination of many levels of abstraction Machine Interpretation 0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1001 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Control Signal Specification cs 61C L1 Intro 3 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Anatomy 5 components of any Computer cs 61C L1 Intro 4 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Technology Trends Memory Capacity 1 Chip DRAM year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 Personal Computer size 1000000000 Control brain Datapath brawn Memory passive where programs data live when running Devices Input Output Keyboard Mouse Disk where programs data live when not runn ing Display Printer cs 61C L1 Intro 5 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB 100000000 10000000 Bits Computer Processor active 1000000 size Megabit 0 0625 0 25 1 4 16 64 256 100000 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year cs 61C L1 Intro 6 1990 1995 2000 Now 1 4X yr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Technology Trends Microprocessor Capacity 100000000 Alpha 21264 15 million Pentium Pro 5 5 million PowerPC 620 6 9 million Alpha 21164 9 3 million Sparc Ultra 5 2 million 10000000 Transistors Moore s Law Pentium i80486 1000000 i80386 i80286 100000 2X transistors Chip Every 1 5 years i8086 10000 i8080 1975 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 DEC Alpha 21264 600 1 54X yr DEC Alpha 5 500 DEC HP Sun MIPSMIPSIBM AXP 9000 RS 4 M M 500 750 260 2000 120 6000 DEC Alpha 5 300 DEC Alpha 4 266 IBM POWER 100 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 i4004 1000 1970 Technology Trends Processor Performance 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Called Moore s Law cs 61C L1 Intro 7 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Computer Technology Dramatic Change Processor 2X in speed every 1 5 years 100X performance in last decade Processor performance increase year mistakenly referred to as Moore s Law transistors chip cs 61C L1 Intro 8 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Computer Technology Dramatic Change State of the art PC when you graduate Processor clock speed Memory DRAM capacity 2x 2 years 64X size in last decade Cost per bit improves about 25 per year Disk Memory capacity 4000 MegaHertz 4 0 GigaHertz 1000 MegaByte 1 0 GigaBytes Disk capacity 1000 GigaBytes 1 0 TeraBytes New units Mega Giga Giga Tera capacity 2X in size every 1 0 years Cost per bit improves about 100 per year 120X size in last decade cs 61C L1 Intro 9 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Why Study Machine Structures CHANGE It s exciting It has never been more exciting It impacts every other aspect of electrical engineering and computer Bionics science Sensors in latex fingers instantly register hot and cold and an electronic interface in his artificial limb stimulates the nerve endings in his upper arm which then pass the information to his brain The 3 000 system allows his hand to feel pressure and weight so for the f irst time since losing his arms in a 1986 accident he can pick up a can of soda without crushing it or having it slip through his fingers One Digital Day cs 61C L1 Intro 11 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB cs 61C L1 Intro 10 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB CS61C So what s in it for me Machine structures from a programmer s view What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How the computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow cs 61C L1 Intro 12 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB CS61C So what s in it for me Learn big ideas in CS and engineering 5 Classic components of a Computer Data can be anything integers floating point characters a program determines what it is Stored program concept instructions just data What 61C is not Learning C If you know one you should be able to learn another programming language on your own Given that you know Java should be easy to pick up its ancestor C Principle of Locality exploited via a memory hierarchy cache Greater performance by exploiting parallelism Assembly Language Programming Principle of abstraction used to build systems as layers Compilation v interpretation thru system layers Hardware design Principles Pitfalls of Performance Measurement cs 61C L1 Intro 13 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Students who have not taken 61B Will be dropped from class if enrolled or not promoted from wait list If you have taken 61B or the equivalent and you are on the list See Michael David Sasson 379 Soda 643 6002 msasson cs to straighten things out 61B Fall Semester meets in the same room so it can easily add 100 people more sections will be added as needed Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Course Exams Reduce the pressure of taking exams Midterm Wednesday October 25 3 hrs to take 1 5 hr test 5 8 PM 1 Pimentel Our goal test knowledge vs speed writing Review meetings Sunday before Can bring 1 page summary sheet Final Wednesday December 12 5 8 PM 1 Pimentel cs 61C L1 Intro 17 C Java This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas Hardware at abstract level with only a little bit of physical logic to give things perspective CS 150 152 teach this cs 61C L1 Intro 14 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Course Lecture Outline COD chapters CS61B Prerequisite cs 61C L1 Intro 15 C Pa tterson Fall00 UCB 1 week Computer Anatomy Ch 1 4 weeks C v ASM languages Ch 3 1 5 weeks C v ASM numbers Ch 4 1 5 weeks on I O and interrupts 8 1 week on Cache COD Ch 7 1 week on Virtual Memory Ch 7 2 weeks Processor Datapath Pipelining COD 5 1 6 1 2 weeks on review of difficult topics pointers caches interrupts cs 61C L1 Intro 16 Pa tterson Fall00 UCB Homework Assignments Labs and Projects Lab exercises are to be done every week in lab section and checked off by your lab TA or turned in at beginning of lab Homework exercises are to be handed in either online or to …
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