cs 61C L1 Intro.1Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61CMachine StructuresLecture 1August 30,2000Dave Patterson(http.cs.berkeley.edu/~patterson)http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/cs 61C L1 Intro.2Patterson Fall00 ©UCBOverview°Intro to Machine Structures (5 minutes)°Organization and Anatomy of aComputer (10 min)°Rapid Technological Change (5 min)°Course Style, Philosophy and Structure(20 min)°Conclusion (1 min)cs 61C L1 Intro.3Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhat are “Machine Structures”?I/O systemProcessorCompilerOperatingSystem(Windows 98)Application (Netscape)Digital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction Set Architecture°Coordination of many levels ofabstractionDatapath & Control transistorsMemoryHardwareSoftwareAssembler61Ccs 61C L1 Intro.4Patterson Fall00 ©UCBLevels of RepresentationHigh Level LanguageProgram (e.g., C)Assembly LanguageProgram (e.g.,MIPS)Machine LanguageProgram (MIPS)Control SignalSpecificationCompilerAssemblerMachine Interpretationtemp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;lw $to, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 °°61Ccs 61C L1 Intro.5Patterson Fall00 ©UCBAnatomy: 5 components of any ComputerPersonal Computer Processor (active)ComputerControl(“brain”)Datapath(“brawn”)Memory(passive)(where programs, data live whenru nn in g)DevicesInputOutputKeyboard, MouseDisplay, PrinterDisk(whereprograms,datalive whennot runn ing)cs 61C L1 Intro.6Patterson Fall00 ©UCBTechnology Trends: Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000010000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size(Megabit)1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 161996 642000 256Now 1.4X/yr, ordoubling every 2 years4000X since 1980cs 61C L1 Intro.7Patterson Fall00 ©UCBYearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: MicroprocessorCapacity2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 yearsCalled “Moore’s Law” Alpha 21264: 15 millio nPentium Pro: 5.5 millio nPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millio nSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s Lawcs 61C L1 Intro.8Patterson Fall00 ©UCBTechnology Trends: Processor Performance010020030040050060070080090087 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97DEC Alpha 21264/600DEC Alpha 5/500DEC Alpha 5/300DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100DEC AXP/500HP 9000/750Sun-4/260IBMRS/6000MIPS M/120MIPS M20001.54X/yrProcessor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)cs 61C L1 Intro.9Patterson Fall00 ©UCBComputer Technology => Dramatic Change°Processor• 2X in speed every 1.5 years;100X performance in last decade°Memory• DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size inlast decade• Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year°Disk• capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years• Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year•120X size in last decadecs 61C L1 Intro.10Patterson Fall00 ©UCBComputer Technology => Dramatic Change°State-of-the-art PC when you graduate:• Processor clock speed: 4000 MegaHertz(4.0 GigaHertz)• Memory capacity: 1000 MegaByte(1.0 GigaBytes)• Disk capacity: 1000 GigaBytes(1.0 TeraBytes)• New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Teracs 61C L1 Intro.11Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhy Study Machine Structures?°CHANGE; It’s exciting!; It has neverbeen more exciting!°It impacts every other aspect ofelectrical engineering and computerscienceBionics:Sensors in latex fingers instantly register hot and cold, and an electronic interface in his artificial limb stimulates the nerve endings in his upper arm, which then pass the information to his brain. The $3,000 system allowshis hand to feel pressure and weight, so for the f irst time since losing his arms in a 1986 accident, he can pick up a can of soda without crushing it or having it slip through his fingers. One Digital Daycs 61C L1 Intro.12Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61C: So what's in it for me?°Machine structures from aprogrammer's view• What the programmer writes• How it is converted to something thecomputer understands• How the computer interprets the program• What makes programs go slowcs 61C L1 Intro.13Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61C: So what's in it for me?°Learn big ideas in CS and engineering• 5 Classic components of a Computer• Data can be anything (integers, floating point,characters): a program determines what it is• Stored program concept: instructions just data• Principle of Locality, exploited via a memoryhierarchy (cache)• Greater performance by exploiting parallelism• Principle of abstraction, used to build systemsas layers• Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers• Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurementcs 61C L1 Intro.14Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhat 61C is not°Learning C• If you know one, you should be able to learnanother programming language on your own• Given that you know Java,should be easy to pick up its ancestor, C°Assembly Language Programming• This is a skill you will pick up,as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas°Hardware design• Hardware at abstract level, with only a little bit ofphysical logic to give things perspective• CS 150, 152 teach thisCC++Javacs 61C L1 Intro.15Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61B Prerequisite°Students who have not taken 61B:• Will be dropped from class if enrolled ornot promoted from wait list°If you have taken 61B or the equivalentand you are on the list:• See Michael-David Sasson, 379 Soda,643-6002, msasson@cs to straightenthings out°61B Fall Semester meets in the sameroom, so it can easily add 100 people;more sections will be added as neededcs 61C L1 Intro.16Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCourse Lecture Outline (COD chapters)• 1 week: Computer Anatomy (Ch. 1)• 4 weeks: C v. ASM languages (Ch. 3)• 1.5 weeks:C v. ASM numbers (Ch. 4)• 1.5 weeks: on I/O and interrupts (8)• 1 week on Cache (COD Ch. 7)• 1 week on Virtual Memory (Ch. 7)• 2 weeks Processor Datapath,Pipelining (COD 5.1,6.1)• 2 weeks on review of difficult topics(pointers, caches, interrupts)cs 61C L1 Intro.17Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCourse Exams°Reduce the pressure of taking exams•Midterm: Wednesday October 25•3 hrs to take 1.5-hr test(5-8 PM, 1 Pimentel)•Our goal: test knowledge vs.speed writing•Review meetings: Sunday before•Can bring 1 page summary sheet°Final: Wednesday December 12(5-8
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