CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 1OverviewWhat are “Machine Structures”?Levels of RepresentationAnatomy: 5 components of any ComputerTechnology Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM)Technology Trends: Microprocessor CapacityTechnology Trends: Processor PerformanceComputer Technology => Dramatic ChangeSlide 10Why Study Machine Structures?CS61C: So what's in it for me?Slide 13What 61C is notCS61B PrerequisiteCourse Lecture Outline (COD chapters)Course ExamsHomework Assignments, Labs and ProjectsSlide 19GradingCourse ProblemsSlide 22Class decides on penalties for cheatingClass decides on penalties; staff enforcesCourse AdministrationTypical Lecture FormatAnd in Conclusion...Slide 28cs 61C L1 Intro.1Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61CMachine StructuresLecture 1August 30,2000Dave Patterson (http.cs.berkeley.edu/~patterson)http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/cs 61C L1 Intro.2Patterson Fall00 ©UCBOverview°Intro to Machine Structures (5 minutes)°Organization and Anatomy of a Computer (10 min)°Rapid Technological Change (5 min)°Course Style, Philosophy and Structure (20 min)°Conclusion (1 min)cs 61C L1 Intro.3Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhat are “Machine Structures”?I/O systemProcessorCompilerOperatingSystem(Windows 98)Application (Netscape)Digital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction Set Architecture°Coordination of many levels of abstractionDatapath & Control transistorsMemoryHardwareSoftwareAssembler61Ccs 61C L1 Intro.4Patterson Fall00 ©UCBLevels of RepresentationHigh Level Language Program (e.g., C)Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)Machine Language Program (MIPS)Control Signal SpecificationCompilerAssemblerMachine Interpretationtemp = v[k];v[k] = v[k+1];v[k+1] = temp;lw $to, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 °°61Ccs 61C L1 Intro.5Patterson Fall00 ©UCBAnatomy: 5 components of any ComputerPersonal Computer Processor (active)ComputerControl(“brain”)Datapath(“brawn”)Memory(passive)(where programs, data live whenrunning)DevicesInputOutputKeyboard, MouseDisplay, PrinterDisk (where programs, data live whennot running)cs 61C L1 Intro.6Patterson Fall00 ©UCBTechnology Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM)sizeYearBits10001000010000010000001000000010000000010000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year size(Megabit) 1980 0.06251983 0.251986 11989 41992 161996 642000 256Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years4000X since 1980cs 61C L1 Intro.7Patterson Fall00 ©UCBYearTransistors1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000i80386i4004i8080Pentiumi80486i80286i8086Technology Trends: Microprocessor Capacity2X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 yearsCalled “Moore’s Law” Alpha 21264: 15 millionPentium Pro: 5.5 millionPowerPC 620: 6.9 millionAlpha 21164: 9.3 millionSparc Ultra: 5.2 millionMoore’s Lawcs 61C L1 Intro.8Patterson Fall00 ©UCBTechnology Trends: Processor Performance010020030040050060070080090087 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97DEC Alpha 21264/600DEC Alpha 5/500DEC Alpha 5/300DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100DEC AXP/500HP 9000/750Sun-4/260IBMRS/6000MIPS M/120MIPS M20001.54X/yrProcessor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)cs 61C L1 Intro.9Patterson Fall00 ©UCBComputer Technology => Dramatic Change°Processor•2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade°Memory•DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size in last decade•Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year°Disk•capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years•Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year•120X size in last decadecs 61C L1 Intro.10Patterson Fall00 ©UCBComputer Technology => Dramatic Change°State-of-the-art PC when you graduate:•Processor clock speed: 4000 MegaHertz (4.0 GigaHertz)•Memory capacity: 1000 MegaByte(1.0 GigaBytes)•Disk capacity: 1000 GigaBytes (1.0 TeraBytes)•New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Teracs 61C L1 Intro.11Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhy Study Machine Structures?°CHANGE; It’s exciting!; It has never been more exciting!°It impacts every other aspect of electrical engineering and computer scienceBionics:Sensors in latex fingers instantly register hot and cold, and an electronic interface in his artificial limb stimulates the nerve endings in his upper arm, which then pass the information to his brain. The $3,000 system allowshis hand to feel pressure and weight, so for the first time since losing his arms in a 1986 accident, he can pick up a can of soda without crushing it or having it slip through his fingers. One Digital Daycs 61C L1 Intro.12Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61C: So what's in it for me?°Machine structures from a programmer's view•What the programmer writes•How it is converted to something the computer understands•How the computer interprets the program•What makes programs go slowcs 61C L1 Intro.13Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61C: So what's in it for me?°Learn big ideas in CS and engineering•5 Classic components of a Computer•Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is•Stored program concept: instructions just data•Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache)•Greater performance by exploiting parallelism•Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers•Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers•Principles/Pitfalls of Performance Measurementcs 61C L1 Intro.14Patterson Fall00 ©UCBWhat 61C is not°Learning C•If you know one, you should be able to learn another programming language on your own•Given that you know Java,should be easy to pick up its ancestor, C°Assembly Language Programming•This is a skill you will pick up, as a side effect of understanding the Big Ideas°Hardware design•Hardware at abstract level, with only a little bit of physical logic to give things perspective•CS 150, 152 teach thisCC++Javacs 61C L1 Intro.15Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCS61B Prerequisite°Students who have not taken 61B:•Will be dropped from class if enrolled or not promoted from wait list°If you have taken 61B or the equivalent and you are on the list:•See Michael-David Sasson, 379 Soda, 643-6002, msasson@cs to straighten things out°61B Fall Semester meets in the same room, so it can easily add 100 people; more sections will be added as neededcs 61C L1 Intro.16Patterson Fall00 ©UCBCourse
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