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UT PSY 301 - Final Exam Study Guide

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PSY 301 1st EditionExam 4 Study GuideDisorders1. How are psychological disorders defined?Psychological disorder: a constellation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create distress, disability/ dysfunction, or danger2. How does the medical model approach psychological disorders?Medicine (drugs) are used to help “cure” psychological disorders (neurotransmitters, etc).3. How does the biopsychosocial model approach psychological disorders?A model of psychopathology that adopts a biopsychosocial perspective, in which biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to mental illness. Multiple diatheses, and multiple stressors, may exist for a particular person and a particular mental illness4. What is DSM-IV? What is it is greatest strength? What major criticism has been directed against it?DSM-IV: Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder- Published by the American psychiatric association- Primarily used in the US- Used for almost all research5. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using diagnostic labels?Advantage is that you know what to expect when dealing with certain cases/disorders. Adisadvantage is generalizing a patient according to their diagnosis. 6. What is an anxiety disorder? Anxiety disorders involve feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.7. What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias (specific and social)? How can you distinguish among them?- Generalized anxiety disorder- Panic disorder- Phobias- Obsessive-compulsive disorder- Post-traumatic stress disorder8. What is OCD? What is an obsessive thought? What is a compulsive behavior?- OCD: marked by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause severe illness and significantly interfere with an individual’s life- obsession: persistent irrational thoughts- compulsion: intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion in response to an obsession9. What is PTSD? What are the major symptoms? What are the related processes of survivor resilience and post-traumatic growth?- Post traumatic stress disorder- if the symptoms of acute stress disorder persist for more than a month after the trauma, the diagnosis becomes PTSD- More likely in women than men- Lifetime prevalence: 7%10. How does the learning perspective account for anxiety disorders? What are the roles of stimulus generalization and reinforcement? What is the role of observational learning?Cognitive factors play a major role only in depression.1. differ in both the content and process of their thinking2. negative triad: negative outlooks on themselves, the world and their future3. engage in cognitive distortions: neutral or positive information is transformed into negative information11. How does the biological perspective account for anxiety disorders? Why might some of these disorders be adaptive? What evidence is there for a genetic involvement? A child adopted away from a schizophrenic parent at birth by adoptive parents who are not schizophrenic has the same probability of developing the disease as a child who stays with the schizophrenic biological parent12. What is a mood disorder? What are the two major kinds of mood disorders?mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature- Major depressive disorder- Bipolar disorder13. What is major depression? What are the symptoms of depression?- Dysthymia: a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe, but the symptoms last longer, persisting for at least 2 yrs- Double depression: a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 yrs. and is punctuated by periods of major depression- Seasonal affective disorder: depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern14. What is bipolar disorder? What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?Lifetime prevalence rate 4%1. no gender difference2. all cultural and ethnic group3. all ages, less common in kids4. more in higher SESa. probably a matter of diagnosis15. What is schizophrenia?Schizophrenia: an umbrella term for a number of psychiatric disorders that involve disturbancesin nearly every dimension, including thought, perception, behavior, language, communication and emotionLifetime prevalence about 1%. 1. varies greatly by country and area 2. seems to begin earlier in men 3. men seem to develop a more severe form of the disorder16. What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia? What are positive and negative symptoms? What is a psychotic symptom? What are the two forms of onset of schizophrenia? What are the five major sub-types of schizophrenia? Wide range of associated symptoms1. no patient shows all of them2. how many are needed for diagnosis is a clinical judgmentPrimary symptoms involve a disturbance of thought, perception and languageDisorganized Thinking:1. loosening of associations: conscious thought moves along associative lines2. disorganized speech: ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic3. impoverished thought: lack of complex thought in response to environmental events3. unusual word usage, like clanging or neologisms  Psychotic thinking: involves a loss of contact with reality1. hallucinations: a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulationa. hearing voices is most common2. delusions: a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality a. persecutionb. controlc. grandeur17. What role do each of the following play in schizophrenia: neurotransmitters, brain abnormalities, prenatal factors, genetics, psychological factors3 critical neurotransmitters: 1. norepinephrine2. dopamine3. serotonin Mechanism is unclear but involves more than just too little or too much of the neurotransmitters1. in depression, antidepressant drugs immediately increase the available NTs but clinicaleffects don’t appear for several weeks 2. in bipolar the question pattern of cycling seems unconnected to neurotransmitter levelsGenetic predisposition exists for anxiety disorders:1. the concordance rate is much higher for identical than for fraternal twins2. most significant genetic risk seems to be for OCDa. different forms of OCD seem to have different inheritance paths18. What is dissociative identity disorder? What is the controversy about this disorder?


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UT PSY 301 - Final Exam Study Guide

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