PSY 301 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Disorders 1 How are psychological disorders defined Psychological disorder a constellation of cognitive emotional and behavioral symptoms that create distress disability dysfunction or danger 2 How does the medical model approach psychological disorders Medicine drugs are used to help cure psychological disorders neurotransmitters etc 3 How does the biopsychosocial model approach psychological disorders A model of psychopathology that adopts a biopsychosocial perspective in which biological psychological and social factors all contribute to mental illness Multiple diatheses and multiple stressors may exist for a particular person and a particular mental illness 4 What is DSM IV What is it is greatest strength What major criticism has been directed against it DSM IV Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder Published by the American psychiatric association Primarily used in the US Used for almost all research 5 What are the major advantages and disadvantages of using diagnostic labels Advantage is that you know what to expect when dealing with certain cases disorders A disadvantage is generalizing a patient according to their diagnosis 6 What is an anxiety disorder Anxiety disorders involve feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety 7 What are the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder and phobias specific and social How can you distinguish among them Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder Phobias Obsessive compulsive disorder Post traumatic stress disorder 8 What is OCD What is an obsessive thought What is a compulsive behavior OCD marked by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause severe illness and significantly interfere with an individual s life obsession persistent irrational thoughts compulsion intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion in response to an obsession 9 What is PTSD What are the major symptoms What are the related processes of survivor resilience and post traumatic growth Post traumatic stress disorder if the symptoms of acute stress disorder persist for more than a month after the trauma the diagnosis becomes PTSD More likely in women than men Lifetime prevalence 7 10 How does the learning perspective account for anxiety disorders What are the roles of stimulus generalization and reinforcement What is the role of observational learning Cognitive factors play a major role only in depression 1 differ in both the content and process of their thinking 2 negative triad negative outlooks on themselves the world and their future 3 engage in cognitive distortions neutral or positive information is transformed into negative information 11 How does the biological perspective account for anxiety disorders Why might some of these disorders be adaptive What evidence is there for a genetic involvement A child adopted away from a schizophrenic parent at birth by adoptive parents who are not schizophrenic has the same probability of developing the disease as a child who stays with the schizophrenic biological parent 12 What is a mood disorder What are the two major kinds of mood disorders mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder 13 What is major depression What are the symptoms of depression Dysthymia a disorder that involves the same symptoms as in depression only less severe but the symptoms last longer persisting for at least 2 yrs Double depression a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 yrs and is punctuated by periods of major depression Seasonal affective disorder depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern 14 What is bipolar disorder What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder Lifetime prevalence rate 4 1 no gender difference 2 all cultural and ethnic group 3 all ages less common in kids 4 more in higher SES a probably a matter of diagnosis 15 What is schizophrenia Schizophrenia an umbrella term for a number of psychiatric disorders that involve disturbances in nearly every dimension including thought perception behavior language communication and emotion Lifetime prevalence about 1 1 varies greatly by country and area 2 seems to begin earlier in men 3 men seem to develop a more severe form of the disorder 16 What are the major symptoms of schizophrenia What are positive and negative symptoms What is a psychotic symptom What are the two forms of onset of schizophrenia What are the five major sub types of schizophrenia Wide range of associated symptoms 1 no patient shows all of them 2 how many are needed for diagnosis is a clinical judgment Primary symptoms involve a disturbance of thought perception and language Disorganized Thinking 1 loosening of associations conscious thought moves along associative lines 2 disorganized speech ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic 3 impoverished thought lack of complex thought in response to environmental events 3 unusual word usage like clanging or neologisms Psychotic thinking involves a loss of contact with reality 1 hallucinations a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation a hearing voices is most common 2 delusions a patently false belief system often bizarre and grandiose that is maintained in spite of its irrationality a persecution b control c grandeur 17 What role do each of the following play in schizophrenia neurotransmitters brain abnormalities prenatal factors genetics psychological factors 3 critical neurotransmitters 1 norepinephrine 2 dopamine 3 serotonin Mechanism is unclear but involves more than just too little or too much of the neurotransmitters 1 in depression antidepressant drugs immediately increase the available NTs but clinical effects don t appear for several weeks 2 in bipolar the question pattern of cycling seems unconnected to neurotransmitter levels Genetic predisposition exists for anxiety disorders 1 the concordance rate is much higher for identical than for fraternal twins 2 most significant genetic risk seems to be for OCD a different forms of OCD seem to have different inheritance paths 18 What is dissociative identity disorder What is the controversy about this disorder What is the evidence for both positions in this controversy Dissociative disorder a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented creating significant
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