PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Developmental PsychologyII. Language DevelopmentIII. Cognitive DevelopmentOutline of Current LectureI. Social Developmenta. Piagetb. KohlbergII. Moral DevelopmentToday’s LectureSocial Development:- When people develop a more complex sense of self- When children begin to develop more complex social relationships- Problems with Piaget:o Development is a continuous processo Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier stageo Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition- Vygotsky saw cognitive development differently:o He believed children develop through interactions with members of their own cultureo Zone of proximal development: the range of accomplishments that are beyond what a child could alone but can do with help and guidance. o Depends on three fundamental skills: Joint attention: the ability to focus on what another person is focused on- This helps children begin to realize what other people are taking interest in. Social referencing: the ability to use another person’s reactions as information about the world- This helps children become influenced by the people around themby understanding the situation better by reading other people’s emotions. Imitation: the ability to do what another person does-- Piget: Children’s moral thinking shifts from:o Realism to relativismo Prescriptions to principleso Outcomes to intentions- Kohlberg expanding Piaget’s ideas:o He connected moral reasoning to Piaget’s stages of cognitive developmento You are able to move back and forth between the following stageso Preconventional morality – preoperational thinking The morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor Example: When a mother tells her son not to eat the cookies until after dinner and leaves the room momentarily, the child will weigh the possibility of whether or not he will get caught (his thought process is based on the probability of whether or not he will face consequences)o Conventional morality – concrete operational thinking Morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules o Postconventional morality – formal operational thinking The morality of action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values- Problems with Kohlberg:o Reasoning may differ based on contexto Moral thinking may or may not correlate with moral behavioro Compassion versus justiceo Moral reasoning may be based on emotional reactions.o Moral intuitionist perspective: perceptions of right and wrong are evolutionarily emotional reactionsMoral Development:- Physical punishments make children less likely to develop a conscience and less likely to internalize their parent’s morality- Children with good relationships with their parents develop a stronger conscience and atan earlier
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