Sequential Strategies Compliance Making start small ask for more Based on consistency selfself perception theory Requests Effective Requests Mindlessness The FootFoot inin thethe Door LowLow balling make request add details later Based on consistency obligation Norm of Reciprocity Can be positive or negative Feelings of Indebtedness DoorDoor inin thethe Face start large ask for less Based on perceptual contrast reciprocal concessions That sThat s NotNot All start large add details to seem smaller Based on reciprocal concessions Request Moves From small to large Technique Kitty Genovese Foot in the door Low balling From large to small Door in the face That s not all Darley and Latane 1968 Bystander Diffusion Effect of Responsibility Theory 5 steps to helping D L 1970 1 Perceiving the emergency 2 Interpreting the situation correctly 3 Taking responsibility to act 4 Knowing what to do 5 Deciding to help 1 Factors which increase helping About the victim About the helper gender attributes skills demographics size of home town How can I get help if I need it Take the ambiguity out of the situation Infuse responsibility in others Give Adaptive problems lead to evolution of adaptive solutions Psychological Adaptations Fundamental concepts in Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Psychology The use of evolutionary biological principles such as natural selection and sexual selection to understand how the human mind is designed and what problems it has evolved to solve them the ability to help Foraging for food Avoiding predators Avoiding cuckholdry Detecting social cheaters Caring for offspring Avoiding toxins Creating adaptations Natural Selection Favorable variations are preserved and unfavorable variations tend to die out over time 1 Variation 2 Inheritance 3 Selection Spatial location memory Scenic preferences Male sexual jealousy Sensitivity to benefits cost Sensitivity to smiles and cries Taste aversions pregnancy sickness Parental investment The driving force behind sexual selection More investing sex More choosy Less investing sex Compete more vigorously Sexual Selection The evolution of characteristics that give organisms reproductive advantage 1 Intersexual Selection 2 Intrasexual competition 2 Specialization of Sperm and Eggs Sperm are cheap so Make lots of them Give them outboard motors Make an organ to launch them Eggs are expensive so Pack each one with food Give it a protective cover Sometimes let it grow inside the body Consequences of Asymmetry in Parental Investment Single male can fertilize several females other males go mateless mateless High variance in male reproductive success Therefore malemale male competition fighting resource gathering beauty contests Why do the sexes of most species behave differently MaleMale male competition Female choice Trivers Trivers Sex differences in Parental Investment Investment Sex differences in Behavior Females males usually invest more than Size of egg Internal gestation Lactation Consequences of Asymmetry in Parental Investment cont Male reproductive success depends on how many females he mates with Female reproductive success does not depend on how many males she mates with Therefore females more choosy scrutinize males for best genes most willing to feed and protect offspring ones that other females prefer sexy son hypothesis What happens with more equal investment Minimal parental investment Typical parental investment that both sexes should compete roughly Predicts Males for fertile females willing to copulate Females for resourceresource laden males willing to invest 3 The Exception that Proves the Rule CrossCross culturally men way more than women woo proposition seduce use love magic give gifts in trade for sex pay brideprices rather than collect dowries hire prostitutes rape Animals and their Mating Calls Human Sexual Emotions and Darwinian Sexual Selection NOTE Modern facts of life life are different from those we evolved with Modern Environments versus Ancestral Environments Our sexual emotions may be adaptations to a world that no longer exists 4 Evidence on Sexual Selection and Sexual Emotions The Naturalistic Fallacy Evolutionarily optimal strategies especially ones that differ between sexes are not models for how we ought to live Prediction Men should be more interested in numerous partners than women Widely believed 3 Men Women 2 1 0 1 2 1h ou r 1e ve 1d ay 1w ee k 1m t 3 3m ts Yes Yes 1 week Definitely not not Willingness to have sex as a function of time yr Men Next month 2 Next 2 years 8 Lifetime 18 6m ts Yes Yes 1 year Neutral Neutral 6 months Definitely not not 1 week Men 1 Next month 8 Next 2 years 1 Lifetime 44 5 yr s How long would you have to know a desirable person before definitely wanting to have sex How long before being neutral For how long would you definitely not want to have sex Women 3 How many sexual partners would you like to have in the next month two years lifetime Women yr s 1 How strongly are you seeking a spouse Women Pretty strongly Men Pretty strongly 2 How strongly are you seeking a oneone night stand Women Not very strongly Men Pretty strongly 5 BUT just an oldold fashioned stereotype 2 David Buss Higgamus Higgamus hoggamus hoggamus Woman Woman s monogamous Hoggamus Hoggamus higgamus higgamus Man Man s polygamous 5 In vivo Experiments Women 50 Men 50 Elaine Hatfield I have been noticing you around campus I find you very attractive attractive a Would you go out with me tonight b Would you come over to my apartment tonight c Would you go to bed with me tonight Date Date Apartment Apartment Women 6 Men 69 Sex Sex Women 0 Men 75 Other evidence The Coolidge Effect Indiscriminateness and pornography Men pursuing a ST strategy Men should have a strong desire for sexual variety Men should be sensitive to cues of sexual availability Men should value in women cues to fertility youth features of physical appearance linked to fertility What Does a Man Want Male homosexuality versus lesbianism San Francisco 1970s 28 of gay men 1000 partners 75 of gay men 100 partners 0 of gay women 1000 partners 2 of gay women 100 partners Psychological Evidence Desire for a variety of sex partners Elapsed before seeking intercourse Relaxed standards college men accept an age range roughly four years wider than women Closing Time Phenomena Time 6 Women s Mate Preferences Those that are relatively similar to men s preferences Mutual attractionattraction Love Dependability Emotional stability maturity
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