1ComplianceComplianceMaking RequestsMaking Requests––Effective RequestsEffective Requests––MindlessnessMindlessnessThe Norm of ReciprocityThe Norm of Reciprocity––Can be positive or negative . . . .Can be positive or negative . . . .––Feelings of IndebtednessFeelings of IndebtednessSequential StrategiesSequential StrategiesFootFoot--inin--thethe--DoorDoor––start small, ask for morestart small, ask for more––Based on consistency; selfBased on consistency; self--perception theoryperception theoryLowLow--ballingballing––make request, add details latermake request, add details later––Based on consistency; obligationBased on consistency; obligationDoorDoor--inin--thethe--FaceFace––start large, ask for lessstart large, ask for less––Based on Based on perceptual contrastperceptual contrast; ; reciprocal concessionsreciprocal concessionsThat’sThat’s--NotNot--All!All!––start large, add details to seem smallerstart large, add details to seem smaller––Based on reciprocal concessionsBased on reciprocal concessionsThat’s not all!Door in the faceFrom large to smallLow-ballingFoot in the doorFrom small to largeTechniqueRequest Moves . . Kitty GenoveseKitty GenoveseDarleyDarleyand and LataneLatane(1968+)(1968+)Bystander EffectBystander EffectDiffusion of Responsibility TheoryDiffusion of Responsibility Theory5 steps to helping (D&L 1970)5 steps to helping (D&L 1970)1. Perceiving the emergency1. Perceiving the emergency2. Interpreting the situation correctly2. Interpreting the situation correctly3. Taking responsibility to act3. Taking responsibility to act4. Knowing what to do4. Knowing what to do5. Deciding to help5. Deciding to help2Factors which increase helpingFactors which increase helpingAbout the About the victimvictimAbout the About the helperhelpergender; attributes; skills; demographics gender; attributes; skills; demographics (size of home town).(size of home town).How can I get help if I need it?How can I get help if I need it?Take the ambiguity out of the situation.Take the ambiguity out of the situation.Infuse responsibility in others.Infuse responsibility in others.Give them the ability to help.Give them the ability to help.Fundamental concepts in Evolutionary Fundamental concepts in Evolutionary PsychologyPsychologyEvolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology: The use of : The use of evolutionary biological principles, such as evolutionary biological principles, such as natural selection and sexual selection, to natural selection and sexual selection, to understand how the human mind is understand how the human mind is designed, and what problems it has designed, and what problems it has evolved to solve.evolved to solve.Adaptive problems lead to evolution of Adaptive problems lead to evolution of adaptive solutions: adaptive solutions: Psychological Psychological AdaptationsAdaptationsForaging for foodForaging for foodAvoiding predatorsAvoiding predatorsAvoiding Avoiding cuckholdrycuckholdryDetecting social Detecting social cheaterscheatersCaring for offspringCaring for offspringAvoiding toxinsAvoiding toxinsSpatial location Spatial location memorymemoryScenic preferencesScenic preferencesMale sexual jealousyMale sexual jealousySensitivity to Sensitivity to benefits & costbenefits & costSensitivity to smiles Sensitivity to smiles and criesand criesTaste aversions, Taste aversions, pregnancy sicknesspregnancy sicknessCreating adaptationsCreating adaptationsNatural Selection: Favorable variations are Natural Selection: Favorable variations are preserved, and unfavorable variations tend to die preserved, and unfavorable variations tend to die out over time.out over time.1. Variation1. Variation2. Inheritance2. Inheritance3. Selection3. SelectionSexual Selection: The evolution of characteristics Sexual Selection: The evolution of characteristics that give organisms that give organisms reproductivereproductiveadvantage.advantage.1. 1. IntersexualIntersexualSelectionSelection2.Intrasexual competition2.Intrasexual competitionParental investment: The driving force Parental investment: The driving force behind sexual selectionbehind sexual selectionMore investing sex: More choosyMore investing sex: More choosyLess investing sex: Compete more Less investing sex: Compete more vigorouslyvigorously3Specialization of Sperm and EggsSpecialization of Sperm and EggsSperm are cheap, so Sperm are cheap, so ––Make lots of them. Make lots of them. ––Give them outboard motors. Give them outboard motors. ––Make an organ to launch them. Make an organ to launch them. Eggs are expensive, so Eggs are expensive, so ––Pack each one with food. Pack each one with food. ––Give it a protective cover. Give it a protective cover. ––(Sometimes) let it grow inside the body.(Sometimes) let it grow inside the body.TriversTrivers: Sex differences in Parental : Sex differences in Parental InvestmentInvestmentÆÆSex differences in BehaviorSex differences in BehaviorFemales (usually) invest more than Females (usually) invest more than males. males. ––Size of egg Size of egg ––Internal gestation Internal gestation ––Lactation. Lactation. Consequences of Asymmetry in Consequences of Asymmetry in Parental Investment:Parental Investment:Single male can fertilize several Single male can fertilize several females; other males go females; other males go matelessmateless. . ––High variance in male reproductive High variance in male reproductive success. success. ––Therefore, maleTherefore, male--male competition: male competition: fighting fighting resource gathering resource gathering beauty contests beauty contests Consequences of Asymmetry Consequences of Asymmetry in Parental Investment, cont.in Parental Investment, cont.Male reproductive success depends on how Male reproductive success depends on how many females he mates with. many females he mates with. Female reproductive success does Female reproductive success does notnotdepend depend on how many males she mates with. on how many males she mates with. Therefore females more choosy: scrutinize Therefore females more choosy: scrutinize males for males for ––best genes best genes ––most willing to feed and protect offspring most
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