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UT PSY 301 - Morality and Identity

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Psych 301, 9/15/3Morality and IdentityHow does moral behavior develop?Stages of development of moral reasoning Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas techniqueHypothetical situations in which main character is faced with a moral choiceMajor stages of moral developmentPreconventionalReasoning based on personal benefitsConventionalReasoning based on conformityPostconventionalReasoning based on higher principlesEmergence of moral emotions Emotions related to moral behaviorSelf-conscious emotionsEmpathy, sympathy, guilt, & shameForm early in life, but emerge later than other emotionsEmpathic distressCrying in response to crying of another infantProsocial behaviorHelpfulness and response to needParental practices and children’s prosocial behavior Sympathetic childrenAllowed to express negative emotionsLearn to cope with these emotionsChildren high in shameParents show frequent angerParents are lax in disciplineParents do not respond positively to appropriate behavior from childSecure attachment style associated with effective moral emotionsPhysiological aspects of moralitySomatic-marker hypothesisEmotional responses influence reasoningFrontal-lobe patients injured in infancyDeficiencies in social and moral reasoningNeglected social and emotional factors in making their own life decisionsEngaged in petty crimes, threatening behaviors, and lyingNot true for patients injured as adultsBrain activity during moral reasoningfMRI dataThree types of problemsMoral-PersonalMoral-ImpersonalNon-MoralMoral-personal problems activated brain areas different from those used in normalreasoningWhat influences gender development and identity?Gender and gender rolesGenderCulturally constructed differences between males and femalesSeparate from biologically-determined sexGender rolesBehaviors that differ between men and women due to cultural influence or learningChildren develop their expectations about gender through observing adults, peers,and the mediaGender and gender identityGender identitySelf-identification as male or femaleComplex function of biological, social, and cultural influencesGender schemasCognitive structures influencing how people perceive gender-related behaviorsSex typed behaviorThe view that there are clear distinctions between men and womenAndrogenousHaving both masculine and feminine traitsErikson’s psychosocial theory of developmentEight stages Emphasizes:Age-related psychological processesThe effects of these processes on social functioningEach stage has a developmental crisis that must be confronted before moving tonew stageIdentity developmentAdolescent egocentrismAdolescent anxiety about personal appearance and behaviorConsequence of intense self-scrutiny during identity formationIdentity statusTheory about patterns of identity developmentIdentity formation requires a crisis and commitment to a personal identityDevelopment of ethnic identityEthnic identityPsychological association between people and their own ethnic or racial groupBy age 4, children can sort dolls and pictures into racial categoriesStages of ethnic identity


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UT PSY 301 - Morality and Identity

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