PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last Lecture I. Bipolar DisorderII. ManiaIII. HypomaniaIV. Genetics and Mood DisordersV. Neurotransmitters and Mood DisordersVI. Brain Dysfunctions and Mood DisordersVII. Environmental Factors and Mood DisordersOutline of Current Lecture I. Cognitive Factors and Mood DisordersII. Depression CycleIII. Anxiety DisordersIV. Acute Stress DisorderV. PTSDVI. Root of Anxiety DisordersVII. Genetics and Anxiety DisordersVIII. Environmental Factors and Anxiety DisordersCurrent LectureCognitive Factors & Mood DisordersCognitive factors play a major role only in depression.1. differ in both the content and process of their thinking2. negative triad: negative outlooks on themselves, the world and their future3. engage in cognitive distortions: neutral or positive information is transformed into negative informationa. arbitrary inferencesb. magnification/minimizationc. personalizationd. overgeneralization4. learned helplessness5. reflected in a depressive attributional stylea. internalb. stablec. global6. seek confirmation of this negative worldviewa. choose people who view them negativelyb. prefer negative to positive feedbackDepression Cycle1. Negative stressful events.2. Pessimistic explanatory style.3. Hopeless depressed state.4. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.Anxiety Disorders1. Generalized anxiety disorder2. Panic disorder3. Phobias4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder5. Post-traumatic stress disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worryand at least 3 of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance1. lifetime prevalence about 6%2. twice as frequent in women2. occurs more in lower SES groups Panic disorder: a disorder characterized by the sudden and untriggered occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks1. Lifetime prevalence: 5% women 10% men2. Agoraphobia: an extreme fear of venturing into public places Phobic disorders: disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations1. Specific phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function2. Social phobia: a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): marked by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause severe illness and significantly interfere with an individual’s life1. obsession: persistent irrational thoughts2. compulsion: intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion in response to an obsessiona. person experiences this as irresistibleb. reduces anxiety from the obsession lifetime prevalence: 2%a. affects both genders equally very serious: a. if untreated most cases worsen over time and are accompanied by recurrent bouts of depression can start very young: a. 1/3 of people with OCD develop significant symptoms before the age of 10 A subcategory of anxiety disorders is the stress disorders: 1. acute stress disorder 2. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Acute stress disorder: 1. occurs immediately after a traumatic event,2. dissociative reaction: a period of numbness, during which the person feels whollyestranged, socially unresponsive, and oddly unaffected by the event3. Often recurrent nightmares and waking flashbacks of the traumatic event PTSD: if the symptoms of acute stress disorder persist for more than a month after the trauma, the diagnosis becomes PTSD1. lifetime prevalence: 7%2. more likely in women than menThree major classes of PTSD symptoms:1. Re-experiencing symptoms: nightmare, flashbacksa. flashbacks can be accurate, or composites, or involve imagined consequences2. arousal symptoms: a. difficulties in concentration b. difficulties in falling asleepc. extreme responses to being startled 3. avoidance symptoms: active avoidance of people, places or objects linked to the traumaRoots of Anxiety Disorders Great comorbidity among the anxiety disorders 1. more than 50% of people who have an anxiety disorder will develop another Suggests that there are risk factors shared by these disorders 1. also risk factors specific to the individual disordersGenetics & Anxiety DisordersGenetic predisposition exists for anxiety disorders:1. the concordance rate is much higher for identical than for fraternal twins2. most significant genetic risk seems to be for OCDa. different forms of OCD seem to have different inheritance paths3. PTSD:a. 500 times more likely to develop PTSD if a parent had itb. higher concordance for identical than fraternal twins even with similar trauma c. greater similarity in symptoms for identical than for fraternal twins.Brain Dysfunctions & Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders seem quite different from each other in their neural underpinnings.1. phobias and social phobias: great activity in brain areas involved in fear learning ( amygdala & insula) 2. PTSD: less brain activity in prefrontal regions associated with emotional regulation3. panic disorder: apparent instability in the autonomic nervous system4.OCD: overactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the anterior cingulateEnvironmental Factors and Anxiety Disorders General:1. childhood abuse or neglect2. a highly anxious parent3. more stressful life experiences in childhood &
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