PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Bipolar Disorder II Mania III Hypomania IV Genetics and Mood Disorders V Neurotransmitters and Mood Disorders VI Brain Dysfunctions and Mood Disorders VII Environmental Factors and Mood Disorders Outline of Current Lecture I Cognitive Factors and Mood Disorders II Depression Cycle III Anxiety Disorders IV Acute Stress Disorder V PTSD VI Root of Anxiety Disorders VII Genetics and Anxiety Disorders VIII Environmental Factors and Anxiety Disorders Current Lecture Cognitive Factors Mood Disorders Cognitive factors play a major role only in depression 1 differ in both the content and process of their thinking 2 negative triad negative outlooks on themselves the world and their future 3 engage in cognitive distortions neutral or positive information is transformed into negative information a arbitrary inferences b magnification minimization c personalization d overgeneralization 4 learned helplessness 5 reflected in a depressive attributional style a internal b stable c global 6 seek confirmation of this negative worldview a choose people who view them negatively b prefer negative to positive feedback Depression Cycle 1 Negative stressful events 2 Pessimistic explanatory style 3 Hopeless depressed state 4 These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts fueling personal rejection Anxiety Disorders 1 Generalized anxiety disorder 2 Panic disorder 3 Phobias 4 Obsessive compulsive disorder 5 Post traumatic stress disorder Generalized anxiety disorder GAD a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry and at least 3 of the following symptoms restlessness fatigue concentration problems irritability muscle tension and sleep disturbance 1 lifetime prevalence about 6 2 twice as frequent in women 2 occurs more in lower SES groups Panic disorder a disorder characterized by the sudden and untriggered occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror panic attacks 1 Lifetime prevalence 5 women 10 men 2 Agoraphobia an extreme fear of venturing into public places Phobic disorders disorders characterized by marked persistent and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects activities or situations 1 Specific phobia a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual s ability to function 2 Social phobia a disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD marked by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause severe illness and significantly interfere with an individual s life 1 obsession persistent irrational thoughts 2 compulsion intentional behaviors or mental acts performed in a stereotyped fashion in response to an obsession a person experiences this as irresistible b reduces anxiety from the obsession lifetime prevalence 2 a affects both genders equally very serious a if untreated most cases worsen over time and are accompanied by recurrent bouts of depression can start very young a 1 3 of people with OCD develop significant symptoms before the age of 10 A subcategory of anxiety disorders is the stress disorders 1 acute stress disorder 2 post traumatic stress disorder PTSD Acute stress disorder 1 occurs immediately after a traumatic event 2 dissociative reaction a period of numbness during which the person feels wholly estranged socially unresponsive and oddly unaffected by the event 3 Often recurrent nightmares and waking flashbacks of the traumatic event PTSD if the symptoms of acute stress disorder persist for more than a month after the trauma the diagnosis becomes PTSD 1 lifetime prevalence 7 2 more likely in women than men Three major classes of PTSD symptoms 1 Re experiencing symptoms nightmare flashbacks a flashbacks can be accurate or involve imagined consequences 2 arousal symptoms a difficulties in concentration b difficulties in falling asleep c extreme responses to being startled 3 avoidance symptoms active avoidance of the trauma composites or people places or objects linked to Roots of Anxiety Disorders Great comorbidity among the anxiety disorders 1 more than 50 of people who have an anxiety disorder will develop another Suggests that there are risk factors shared by these disorders 1 also risk factors specific to the individual disorders Genetics Anxiety Disorders Genetic predisposition exists for anxiety disorders 1 the concordance rate is much higher for identical than for fraternal twins 2 most significant genetic risk seems to be for OCD a different forms of OCD seem to have different inheritance paths 3 PTSD a 500 times more likely to develop PTSD if a parent had it b higher concordance for identical than fraternal twins even with similar trauma c greater similarity in symptoms for identical than for fraternal twins Brain Dysfunctions Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders seem quite different from each other in their neural underpinnings 1 phobias and social phobias great activity in brain areas involved in fear learning amygdala insula 2 PTSD less brain activity in prefrontal regions associated with emotional regulation 3 panic disorder apparent instability in the autonomic nervous system 4 OCD overactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate Environmental Factors and Anxiety Disorders General 1 childhood abuse or neglect 2 a highly anxious parent 3 more stressful life experiences in childhood adolescence
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