PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I Effect of Peers II Personality III Traits IV Personality Tests V Structured Test VI Unstructured Test Outline of Current Lecture I Heritability of Traits II Psychoanalytic Theory III Id IV Ego V Superego VI Neo Freudians VII Object Relation Theory Current Lecture Heritability of Traits Basic personality traits seem to be highly heritable o Identical twins are far more similar than fraternal twins o Adopted kids are far more like their biological than their adoptive parents Family effects shared environment are not strong o Adoptive siblings show very low personality correlations 05 as do adoptive kids and their adoptive parents 04 o Identical twins raised apart 50 have personalities as similar as identical twins raised together 51 Psychoanalytic Theory Developed by Sigmund Freud 3 ideas with major impact independent of the rest of the theory o An unconscious mind that influences emotions and feelings o Much of adult personality is due to childhood experiences o Emotional problems can be aided by verbal therapy designed to explore the unconscious ID Most primitive part Ego Wholly unconscious Contains all basic biological urges Contains the energy of the whole psyche o Energy libido o Death instinct thanatos Guided by the pleasure principle gratification now Not rooted in reality o Primary process thinking Develops from the Id Attempts to realize the Id s desires but it accord with the reality principle desires can only be realized in term of real world constraints Ego is initially unconscious and always remains partly unconscious Over time ego develops the ability to reflect o Leads to a sense of self Superego Develops from the ego Represents the internalize rules of the parents and through them of society a ego deal upholds the good and virtuous b conscience watches over and censors the bad Id and Ego mature as the child gains experience the superego does not Superego is largely unconscious These 3 subsystems are in continual conflict 1 Ego needs to suppress id desires to satisfy the Superego a if the ego lives up to superego it feels pride b if the ego fails to live up to superego it feels guilt 2 The id won t allow these desires to be repressed so finds a substitute outlet 3 The ego develops additional defenses defense mechanisms to handle these new outlets and keep the desires repressed 1 displacement 2 sublimation 3 reaction formation 4 rationalization 5 projection 6 regression 7 identification Neo Freudians Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious Alfred Adler linked emotional conflict to perceptions of inferiority Melanie Klein believed primitive fantasies of loss and persecution may underlie mental illness Karen Horney emphasized the differences between men and women in society and culture Jung 1 proposed 2 types of unconscious a personal collective b collective unconscious is dominated by archetypes 2 proposed earliest trait theory a especially introversion extroversion 3 believed every dominant side of personality conscious had a non dominant side unconscious a personal growth involves balancing these opposites 4 concept of the PERSONA Object Relation Theory Freud a healthy person should be able to love work o O R T tries to account for the difficulties of people who are highly impaired in either area Object Relations o Refers to 2 things o Enduring behavior patterns in intimate relationships o The motivational cognitive affective processes that produce these patterns o People who have trouble with relationships o Represent themselves others more negatively o Expect abuse in relationships o Poor positive person constancy o Such behavior is explained in terms of maladaptive interpersonal patterns
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