EXAM 1 60 items 30 points Classes 1 5 and Chapter 1 pages 1 31 Topic PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Questions 20 The Mind Body problem Socrates and Plato said that mind is separate from body and that knowledge is preexisting and that there is a soul that survives death But the data driven Aristotle came along and said otherwise w r t both issues Then Descartes came along and said he agrees with Socrates and Plato there are innate ideas floating around in the form of soul and mind is separate from body He thought the fluid in animals brain cavities contained animal spirits which flowed out in to the nerves and provoked muscle to move He thought memories that we have through experience opened pores in the brain in to which these same animal spirits flowed He somewhat hit on the idea of the nervous system in so doing Francis Bacon One of the founders of modern science fascinated by the failings of the human mind Good quotes to remember from him The human understanding from its peculiar nature easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds All superstition is much the same whether it be that of astrology dreams omen retributive judgments or the like in all of which the deluded believers observe events which are fulfilled but neglect and pass over their failure though it be much more common Women in psychology Mary Calkins student of William James and Margaret Floy Washburn student of Edward Titchener the introspection guy Different psychological perspectives and examples e g How would a neuroscientist think An evolutionary psychologist A social psychologist Etc The difference between psychologists scientist or practitioner and psychiatrists What is the hindsight bias What is the overconfidence bias What are the different ways of knowing TAPES What is the Barnum effect or My aunt Fanny effect How is a science different from a pseudoscience What a double blind procedure is and how it helps reduce experimenter bias and demand characteristics What is critical thinking Understand the definitions of related concepts like theory hypothesis replication operationalization and generalization How psychological science describes phenomena by using case studies what they are good things about them bad things about them observation details such as ecological validity and surveys details such as representativeness and double barreled items How it predicts phenomena by using correlations positive negative strength problems How it explains cause and effect phenomena experimentation What is an IV What is a DV What is random sampling Random assignment Measurement of variables types of scales NOIR and measures of central tendency Know the difference between a correlational study and an experimental study What are illusory correlations Do we perceive order in random events Animal research why we study animals ethical issues Class 6 and Chapter 3 pages 75 85 90 93 Topic NATURE OR NURTURE Questions 10 What is nature and what is nurture What is behavior genetics Example of genotypes phenotypes traits What is heritability What is a gene environment interaction There are many examples of how scientists have debated the naturenurture question of various phenomena both in the lecture and scattered all over this chapter of the text book Give them a read Class 7 and Chapter 4 pages 104 114 117 123 129 132 134 135 Topic DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Questions 10 Piaget s idea of schemas assimilation and accomodation Piaget s stages Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Flowers What is object permanence Theory of Mind Conservation Egocentrism What phases are they connected to What Harry Harlow s monkeys showed us about body contact What is imprinting Types of child rearing Attachment Erikson s stages of identity formation Intimacy text and love lecture Kohlberg s idea of morality Major issues in development Omit language development I did not explain it to you well enough Class 8 9 and Chapter 2 pages 38 62 Topic NEUROSCIENCE Questions 20 What is phrenology Physiology of a nerve cell neuron Dendrites receive messages and send them to the cell body The axon is what takes the message from the cell body to the terminal fibers which synapse on to other dendrites or cell bodies A myelin sheath a layer of fatty tissue that speeds transmission interrupted by the Nodes of Ranvier covers some axons it is affected in multiple sclerosis The concept of a threshold and the all or none response A threshold is the minimum level of stimulation needed to trigger a neuron to fire All or none refers to the fact that either a neuron fires or it does not the strength of an impulse thus has everything to do with how many neurons fire as opposed to how hard they fire That is because they all fire at the same threshold or strength i e at a depolarized level compared to the resting potential of 70mV Synapse junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and dendrites or cell body of receiving neuron The gap is called the synaptic cleft and at first the vescicles fuse with the pre synaptic membrane and then burst to release the neurotransmitters they carry All this is kicked off by the arrival of the action potential The neurotransmitters then bind to post synaptic receptors Electrical atoms have now passed from one neuron to the other To prevent the synapse from being active for too long mechanisms like reuptake of the neurotransmitter by the terminal fiber kick in and the resting potential is restored The action of some neurotransmitters Acetylcholine enables muscular action learning and memory In Alzhemier s disease what happens is that Ach producing neurons deteriorate What Botox does is block ACh release which results in a superficial facial paralysis accompanying the wrinkle reduction Serotonin affects mood hunger sleep and arousal It may be deficient in those with clinical depression which is the reason that SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like Prozac Zoloft and Paxil seem to work Endorphins endogenous morphine are natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous exercise The nervous system is divided in to the Central NS brain and spinal cord and the Peripheral NS somatic NS and autonomous NS The Somatic NS involves the skin and skeletal muscles The Autonomous NS involves inner organs like the heart eyes stomach liver kidney and bladder The Autonomous NS has two sub divisions the Sympathetic NS arousal dilates pupil accelerates heart inhibits digestion relaxes the bladder and the
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