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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Thinking, Language, & IntelligenceSlide 3Slide 4ThinkingCognitive PsychologistsConceptsCategory HierarchiesDevelopment of ConceptsProblem SolvingAlgorithmsHeuristicsSlide 13InsightSlide 15Obstacles in Solving ProblemsFixationCandle-Mounting ProblemThe Matchstick Problem: SolutionCandle-Mounting Problem: SolutionMaking Decision & Forming JudgmentsUsing and Misusing HeuristicsRepresentativeness HeuristicAvailability HeuristicOverconfidenceExaggerated FearThe Effects of FramingThe Belief Perseverance PhenomenonPerils & Powers of IntuitionLanguageSlide 31Language DevelopmentWhen do we learn language?Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Explaining Language DevelopmentSlide 39Slide 40Genes, Brain, & LanguageCritical PeriodThinking & LanguageLanguage Influences ThinkingSlide 45Word PowerThinking in ImagesImages and BrainLanguage and ThinkingAnimal Thinking & LanguageDo Animals Think?Slide 52Slide 53Animal CultureDo Animals Exhibit Language?The Case of ApesGestured CommunicationBut Can Apes Really Talk?Sign LanguageSyntax ComprehensionConclusionsIntelligenceWhat is Intelligence?Intelligence: Ability or Abilities?General IntelligenceSlide 66Contemporary Intelligence TheoriesHoward GardnerRobert SternbergIntelligence and CreativityEmotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence: ComponentsEmotional Intelligence: CriticismAssessing IntelligenceSlide 75Alfred BinetLewis TermanOrigins of Intelligence TestingDavid WechslerWAISPrinciples of Test ConstructionStandardizationNormal CurveReliabilityValidityExtremes of IntelligenceHigh IntelligenceMental RetardationFlynn EffectGenetic and Environmental Influences on IntelligenceGenetic InfluencesAdoption StudiesSlide 93HeritabilityEnvironmental InfluencesEarly Intervention EffectsSchooling EffectsEnvironmental InfluencesGroup Differences in Intelligence Test ScoresEthnic Similarities and DifferencesRacial (Group) DifferencesControversiesEnvironmental EffectsReasons Why Environment Affects IntelligenceGender Similarities and DifferencesGroup DifferencesThe Question of BiasTest-Takers’ ExpectationsPowerPoint PresentationMyers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Chapter 9Thinking, Language, and IntelligenceJames A. McCubbin, PhDAneeq Ahmad, Ph.D.Clemson University(as modified by Ray Hawkins, Ph.D.)Worth PublishersThinking, Language, & IntelligenceThinkingConceptsSolving ProblemsMaking Decisions and Forming JudgmentsThinking, Language, & IntelligenceLanguageLanguage DevelopmentThinking and LanguageAnimal Thinking and LanguageThinking, Language, & IntelligenceIntelligenceWhat Is Intelligence?Theories of IntelligenceAssessing Intelligence Genetic and Environmental Influences on IntelligenceGroup Differences in Intelligence Test ScoresThinkingThinking, or cognition, refers to a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating.Cognitive PsychologistsThinking involves a number of mental activities, which are listed below. Cognitive psychologists study these in great detail.1. Concepts2. Problem solving3. Decision making4. Judgment formationConceptsThe mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. There are a variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of a chair.Category HierarchiesWe organize concepts into category hierarchies.Courtesy of Christine BruneDevelopment of ConceptsWe form some concepts with definitions. For example, a triangle has three sides. Mostly, we form concepts with mental images or typical examples (prototypes). For example, a robin is a prototype of a bird, but a penguin is not.Triangle (definition)Bird (mental image)Daniel J. Cox/ Getty ImagesJ. Messerschmidt/ The Picture CubeFilmProblem SolvingProblem solving strategies include:1. Trial and Error2. Algorithms3. Heuristics4. InsightAlgorithmsAlgorithms, which are very time consuming, exhaust all possibilities before arriving at a solution. Computers use algorithms.S P L O Y O C H Y GIf we were to unscramble these letters to form a word using an algorithmic approach, we would face 907,200 possibilities.FilmHeuristicsHeuristics are simple, thinking strategies that allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Heuristics are less time consuming, but more error-prone than algorithms.B2M Productions/Digital Version/Getty ImagesHeuristicsHeuristics make it easier for us to use simple principles to arrive at solutions to problems. S P L O Y O C H Y GS P L O Y O C H G YP S L O Y O C H G YP S Y C H O L O G YPut a Y at the end, and see if the wordbegins to make sense.InsightInsight involves a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. Humans and animals have insight.Grande using boxes toobtain foodInsightBrain imaging and EEG studies suggest that when an insight strikes (the “Aha” experience), it activates the right temporal cortex (Jung-Beeman & others, 2004). The time between not knowing the solution and realizing it is about 0.3 seconds.From Mark Jung-Beekman, Northwestern University and John Kounios, Drexel UniversityObstacles in Solving ProblemsConfirmation Bias: A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias.2 – 4 – 6Rule: Any ascending series of numbers. 1 – 2 – 3 would comply. Wason’s students had difficulty figuring out the rule due to a confirmation bias (Wason, 1960).FixationFixation: An inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. This impedes problem solving. An example of fixation is functional fixedness.The Matchstick Problem: How would you arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles? From “Problem Solving” by M. Scheerer. Copyright © 1963 by Scientific American, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Using these materials, how would you mount the candle on a bulletin board? Candle-Mounting ProblemFrom “Problem Solving” by M. Scheerer. Copyright © 1963 by Scientific American, Inc. All Rights Reserved.The Matchstick Problem: SolutionFrom “Problem Solving” by M. Scheerer. Copyright © 1963 by Scientific American, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Candle-Mounting Problem: SolutionMaking Decision & Forming JudgmentsEach day we make hundreds of judgments and decisions based on our intuition, seldom using systematic reasoning.Using and Misusing HeuristicsTwo kinds of heuristics, representative heuristics and availability heuristics, have been identified by cognitive psychologists. Amos TverskyDaniel KahnemanCourtesy of Greymeyer Award, University of Louisville and the Tversky familyCourtesy of
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