PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. ConsciousnessII. Neural aspects of consciousnessIII. Limited Processing CapacityIV. AttentionV. Circadian Rhythm VI. REM sleepVII. Sleep DisordersVIII. Stimulants and Hallucinogens Outline of Current Lecture I. Psychological DisorderII. Difficulties in Defining DisordersIII. Alternative Approaches to PsychopathologyIV. Classifying Mental IllnessesV. Goals of DSMVI. ComorbidityVII. SchizophreniaVIII. Social SymptomsIX. Acute SchizophreniaX. Chronic SchizophreniaCurrent LecturePsychological disorder: a constellation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create distress, disability/ dysfunction, or dangerDifficulties in Defining Disorders1. major cultural differences in prevalence rates and how symptoms are expressed2. changes over time in what is defined as a disorder3. normal behaviors differ by reference group and situation4. some definitions are specific to a contexta. e.g. insanity: a legal, not a psychological definitionAlternative Approaches to Psychopathology1. somatogenic: a model that explains psychopathology on a physiological basis2. psychogenic: a model that explains psychopathology on a psychological basis3. diathesis-stress: a model that distinguishes between the factors that create a risk for illness (diathesis) and those that turn the risk into a problem (stress)4. multicausal models: a model of psychopathology that adopts a biopsychosocial perspective, in which biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to mental illness. Multiple diatheses, and multiple stressors, may exist for a particular person and a particular mental illness.1. somatogenic: a model that explains psychopathology on a physiological basis2. psychogenic: a model that explains psychopathology on a psychological basis3. diathesis-stress: a model that distinguishes between the factors that create a risk for illness (diathesis) and those that turn the risk into a problem (stress)4. multicausal models: a model of psychopathology that adopts a biopsychosocial perspective, in which biological, psychological and social factors all contribute to mental illness. Multiple diatheses, and multiple stressors, may exist for a particular person and a particular mental illness.Classifying Mental IllnessesDiagnosis is typically based on one of two classification schemes.DSM-IV: Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of mental Disorder 1. published by the American Psychiatric Association1. primarily used in the US2. used for almost all researchInternational Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) 1. published by the World health Organization 2. used primarily in EnglandGoals of DSMDSM: a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder (describes 400 disorders) and how the disorder can be distinguished from othersimilar problems1. Involves disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions2. Causes significant distress or impairment.3. Stem from internal dysfunction (biological and/or psychological).DSM: a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder (describes 400 disorders) and how the disorder can be distinguished from othersimilar problems1. Involves disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions2. Causes significant distress or impairment.3. Stem from internal dysfunction (biological and/or psychological).Comorbidity: the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individualDSM Appendix: disorders that only appear in certain cultures1. e.g.* adhat: an Indian disorder involving severe anxiety over the discharge of semen* shenjing shauir: a Chinese disorder involving fatigue/dizziness/headaches* ghost sickness: a native American disorder involving a powerful preoccupation with death2. Some disorders found in the main section of DSM also seem to be culture-bound (e.g.,bulima seems to appear only in western culture or in cultures heavily exposed to the west)Schizophrenia: an umbrella term for a number of psychiatric disorders that involve disturbancesin nearly every dimension, including thought, perception, behavior, language, communication and emotionLifetime prevalence about 1%. 1. varies greatly by country and area 2. seems to begin earlier in men 3. men seem to develop a more severe form of the disorder Wide range of associated symptoms1. no patient shows all of them2. how many are needed for diagnosis is a clinical judgmentPrimary symptoms involve a disturbance of thought, perception and languageDisorganized Thinking:1. loosening of associations: conscious thought moves along associative lines2. disorganized speech: ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic3. impoverished thought: lack of complex thought in response to environmental events3. unusual word usage, like clanging or neologisms Psychotic thinking: involves a loss of contact with reality1. hallucinations: a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulationa. hearing voices is most common2. delusions: a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationalitya. persecutionb. controlc. grandeurSocial symptoms:1. withdrawal from social contacts2. socially inappropriate behavior 3. avolition: lack of motivation or goal directed behaviorsAffective (emotional) symptoms: blunted or inappropriate emotionsMotor symptoms: bizarre, restless or immobile motor behaviors (catatonic)Positive and Negative SymptomsMost useful division of symptoms is into positive and negativePositive: an excess or distortion of normal functioning1. two kinds of positive symptoms;a. disorganized: inappropriate emotions, disordered thoughts, bizarre behaviorb. psychotic: delusions, hallucinations Negative: a diminution or loss of normal functions1. flat affect, avolition, catatonia, withdrawal from relationships, socially inappropriate behavior, impoverished thought*positive and negative symptoms seem to involve different neural circuits and to respond to different medicationsMost useful division of symptoms is into positive and negativePositive: an excess or distortion of normal functioning1. two kinds of positive symptoms;a. disorganized: inappropriate emotions, disordered thoughts, bizarre behaviorb. psychotic: delusions, hallucinations Negative: a diminution or loss of normal functions1. flat affect, avolition, catatonia,
View Full Document
Unlocking...