Slide 1EndocrinologyThe Endocrine SystemPrincipal functions of the endocrine systemHormonesSlide 6Endocrine vs. Nervous SystemHormones travel via the bloodstream to target cellsA cell is a target because it has a specific receptor for the hormoneSlide 10First endocrinology experimentBerthold’s ExperimentSlide 13Major endocrine glandsThe HypothalamusThe Pituitary GlandAnterior and Posterior PituitaryPancreasThe Adrenal GlandsSex HormonesGonads: TestesPrimary Testicular HormonesSlide 23Testosterone and MarriageGonads: OvariesPrimary Ovarian HormonesThe female menstrual cycleSlide 28OvulationDo women advertise fertility?Slide 31Slide 32Menstrual CycleSlide 34What do women prefer?Slide 36EndocrinologyEndocrinologyThe study of hormones, the endocrine The study of hormones, the endocrine system, and their role in the physiology of system, and their role in the physiology of the body the bodyThe Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemThe body’s slow chemical communication The body’s slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream.hormones into the blood stream.Principal functions of the Principal functions of the endocrine systemendocrine systemMaintenance of the internal environment in the Maintenance of the internal environment in the body (maintaining the optimum biochemical body (maintaining the optimum biochemical environment)environment)Integration and regulation of growth and Integration and regulation of growth and developmentdevelopmentControl, maintenance and instigation of sexual Control, maintenance and instigation of sexual reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, reproduction, including gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal growth and development and fertilization, fetal growth and development and nourishment of the newbornnourishment of the newbornHormonesHormonesA chemical released from living cells that A chemical released from living cells that travels some distance to target tissues to travels some distance to target tissues to have a biological effecthave a biological effectSecreted in very small amountsSecreted in very small amountsTransported, usually, in the bloodTransported, usually, in the bloodTarget cells have specific receptorsTarget cells have specific receptorsRegulates cell reactions by affecting gene Regulates cell reactions by affecting gene expression (often gene transcription factors)expression (often gene transcription factors)Behavioral EndocrinologyBehavioral EndocrinologyThe study of the relationship between hormones and behaviorHormones affect behavior and behavior feeds back to affect hormonesHormones↔BehaviorEndocrine vs. Nervous SystemEndocrine vs. Nervous SystemMajor communication systems in the bodyMajor communication systems in the bodyIntegrate stimuli and responses to changes Integrate stimuli and responses to changes in external and internal environmentin external and internal environmentBoth are crucial to coordinated functions of Both are crucial to coordinated functions of highly differentiated cells, tissues and highly differentiated cells, tissues and organsorgansUnlike the nervous system, the endocrine Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuoussystem is anatomically discontinuousHormones travel via the Hormones travel via the bloodstream to target cellsbloodstream to target cells• The endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all cells by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid.• Like a radio broadcast, it requires a receiver to get the message - in the case of endocrine messages, cells must bear a receptor for the hormone being broadcast in order to respond.A cell is a target because it has a A cell is a target because it has a specific receptor for the hormonespecific receptor for the hormoneMost hormones circulate in the blood, coming into contact with essentially all cells. However, a given hormone usually affects only a limited number of cells, which are called target cells. A target cell responds to a hormone because it bears receptors for the hormone.Hormones DO NOT act like “faucets” in which behavior spews forth if the hormone spigot is open.Hormone-behavior relationships are complex.It is NOT appropriate to say that hormones “cause” behavior.Rather, hormones change the probability that a particular behavior will be displayed in the appropriate social context – hormones simply influence behavior. HormonesHormonesand Behaviorand BehaviorFirst endocrinology experimentFirst endocrinology experimentBerthold’s ExperimentBerthold’s Experiment1)1)Background: Naturalistic observations of Background: Naturalistic observations of changes in behavior and appearance of changes in behavior and appearance of roosters with age and season.roosters with age and season.2)2)Castrated 6 roosters.Castrated 6 roosters.3)3)Re-implanted a testis in 2 roosters.Re-implanted a testis in 2 roosters.4)4)Transplanted a testis from another bird in 2 Transplanted a testis from another bird in 2 roosters.roosters.5)5)Left 2 castrated roosters to develop into Left 2 castrated roosters to develop into capons.capons.Normal RoosterNormal RoosterCaponMajor endocrine glandsMajor endocrine glandsThe HypothalamusThe HypothalamusSmall structure at Small structure at the base of the the base of the brain brain Regulates many Regulates many body functions, body functions, including appetite including appetite and body and body temperaturetemperatureRegulates the Regulates the pituitary glandpituitary glandThe Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary GlandA sort of master A sort of master glandglandIt is a cherry-sized It is a cherry-sized endocrine glandendocrine glandThe hormones it The hormones it secretes affect the secretes affect the growth and growth and secretion of other secretion of other endocrine glandsendocrine glandsThe real boss is the The real boss is the hypothalamushypothalamusEmbryologically distinct Embryologically distinct Release different hormonesRelease different hormones– Anterior Pituitary releases Luteinizing Anterior Pituitary releases Luteinizing hormone and growth hormonehormone and growth hormone– Posterior Pituitary releases OxytocinPosterior Pituitary releases OxytocinAnterior and Posterior PituitaryAnterior and Posterior PituitaryPancreasPancreasBoth endocrine (hormones) and
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