Child Development Attachment and Parenting Attachment Strong emotional bond between a child and his caretaker First evident at 6 months of age Strongly evident until at least 18 months of age when toddlers begin to become more independent Attachment Styles Secure Consistently responsive nurturing caregiver Anxious Ambivalent Inconsistent caregiver Avoidant Consistently unresponsive caregiver Disorganized Characteristics of anxious ambivalent and avoidant Parenting Styles Authoritative Very involved and responsive but set limits Child centered foster independence Well adjusted children Authoritarian Not involved or responsive but set strict limits Children lack social competence Mental illness and abuse Permissive Very involved and responsive but don t set limits Children impulsive and lack self control Neglectful Not involved or responsive and don t set limits Children not well adjusted resentful Parenting Styles Demandingness control Responsiveness involvement Hig h Low Hig h Low Authoritative Permissive Authoritarian Neglectful Cognitive Developme nt Piaget Piaget Emphasized Stages of Development Stages reflect different ways of thinking Schemas are conceptual models of how the world works Schemas and stages build on one another through learning by Assimilation Accommodation Assimilation Children fit new information into categories they already have Doggie Accommodation People adapt their categories in response to new experiences That animal is much bigger than a dog it has shorter legs and its face looks different It s not a dog It s a bear Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations Sensorimotor Stage Approx age range birth 2 years Developments Object permanence Self actor own actions have results Preoperational Stage Approximate ages 2 7 years Developments Language is symbolic Egocentrism Classifies objects by a single feature No understanding of law of conservation Children learn to use symbols to use one object to represent another Using a banana as a phone Egocentrism in the preoperational stage Children cannot perceive things from another person s point of view Experimenter Do you have a brother Child Yes E What s his name C Jim E Does Jim have a brother C No Example of egocentrism Interviewer Any brothers or sisters Child I have a brother one week old I Can he walk C No he s too lazy Example of egocentrism Interviewer Any brothers or sisters Child A 2 months old brother I How does he behave C He cries all night I Why is that C He probably thinks he s missing something on television Concrete Operational Stage Approximate ages 7 11 years Developments Multiple classification Logical thought Mastery of conservation Formal Operational Stage Approximate ages 11 years adulthood Not everyone gets to this stage People in this stage can Think abstractly Think about different realities Systematically test an idea to draw conclusions Hypothetico deductive reasoning Theory of Mind Social interactions help children develop theory of mind Children begin to read intentions in the first year of life Understanding others have false beliefs is evident by age four see figure 11 20 Language Development Early explanation Behaviorist Language Development The Chomskian Revolution Humans innately able not conditioned to develop language with a unique flexible Language Acquisition Device Support for Chomsky s view 2 brain areas are linked specifically to language Other animals don t have those areas and don t use language Language Development Motherese Is there a critical period Easier to learn second language in youth than in adulthood Genie Language Development Normal developmental timeline approximate 6 7 months early babbling 10 11 months babbling begins to mimic native language 1 year single true words 18 months telegraphic speech Toddlerhood gradually adopt grammar and gain vocabulary
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