Child DevelopmentAttachment and ParentingAttachmentSlide 4Slide 5Attachment StylesSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Parenting StylesSlide 12Cognitive DevelopmentPiagetPiaget Emphasized Stages of DevelopmentAssimilationAccommodationStages of Cognitive DevelopmentFig. 11.13Sensorimotor StagePreoperational StageEgocentrism in the preoperational stageExample of egocentrismSlide 24Concrete Operational StageFormal Operational StageTheory of MindFig. 11.20Language DevelopmentSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Child DevelopmentAttachmentandParentingAttachmentStrong emotional bond between a child and his caretakerFirst evident at 6 months of ageStrongly evident until at least 18 months of age, when toddlers begin to become more independentAttachment StylesSecure–Consistently responsive, nurturing caregiverAnxious/Ambivalent–Inconsistent caregiverAvoidant–Consistently unresponsive caregiverDisorganized–Characteristics of anxious/ambivalent and avoidantParenting StylesAuthoritative–Very involved and responsive, but set limits–Child centered; foster independence–Well adjusted childrenAuthoritarian–Not involved or responsive, but set strict limits–Children lack social competence–Mental illness and abusePermissive–Very involved and responsive, but don’t set limits–Children impulsive and lack self controlNeglectful–Not involved or responsive and don’t set limits–Children not well adjusted; resentfulParenting StylesDemandingness (control)HighLowAuthoritative PermissiveNeglectfulAuthoritarianHighLowResponsiveness (involvement)Cognitive DevelopmentPiagetPiaget Emphasized Stagesof DevelopmentStages reflect different ways of thinkingSchemas are conceptual models of how the world worksSchemas and stages build on one another through learning by:–Assimilation–AccommodationAssimilationChildren fit new information into categories they already have. Doggie!AccommodationPeople adapt their categories in response to new experiences.“That animal is much bigger than a dog, it has shorter legs, and its face looks different. It’s not a dog. It’s a bear.”Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentSensorimotor PreoperationalConcrete operationsFormal operationsSensorimotor StageApprox age range: birth - 2 yearsDevelopments:–Object permanence–Self = actor, own actions have resultsPreoperational StageApproximate ages: 2 - 7 yearsDevelopments:–Language is symbolic–Egocentrism–Classifies objects by a single feature–No understanding of law of conservationChildren learn to use symbols—to use one object to represent another–Using a banana as a phoneEgocentrism in the preoperational stageChildren cannot perceive things from another person’s point of view. Experimenter: Do you have a brother?Child: Yes.E: What’s his name?C: Jim.E: Does Jim have a brother?C: No.Example of egocentrismInterviewer: Any brothers or sisters?Child: I have a brother one week old.I: Can he walk?C: No, he’s too lazyExample of egocentrismInterviewer: Any brothers or sisters?Child: A 2-months old brother.I: How does he behave?C: He cries all night.I: Why is that?C: He probably thinks he’s missing something on television.Concrete Operational StageApproximate ages: 7 - 11 yearsDevelopments:–Multiple classification–Logical thought–Mastery of conservationFormal Operational StageApproximate ages: 11 years - adulthoodNot everyone gets to this stage.People in this stage can–Think abstractly–Think about different realities–Systematically test an idea to draw conclusionsHypothetico-deductive reasoningTheory of MindSocial interactions help children develop theory of mindChildren begin to read intentions in the first year of lifeUnderstanding others have false beliefs is evident by age four (see figure 11.20)Language DevelopmentEarly explanation: BehavioristLanguage DevelopmentThe Chomskian RevolutionHumans innately able (not conditioned) to develop language with a unique, flexible Language Acquisition DeviceSupport for Chomsky’s view:–2 brain areas are linked specifically to language–Other animals don’t have those areas and don’t use languageLanguage DevelopmentMothereseIs there a critical period?–Easier to learn second language in youth than in adulthood–GenieLanguage DevelopmentNormal developmental timeline (approximate!)–6 - 7 months: early babbling–10 - 11 months: babbling begins to mimic native language–1 year: single true words–18 months: telegraphic speech–Toddlerhood: gradually adopt grammar and gain
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