Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory MemoryTrue or False??Slide 3Recall vs RecognitionThe AnswersSeven Dwarfs and STMMemorySlide 8Ebbinghaus and MemorySlide 10Ebbinghaus’ Retention CurveEbbinghaus and Forgetting CurveSlide 13EncodingTypes of EncodingEncoding AidsSlide 17Slide 18Remember as many of the following numbers as you can:Remember as many of the following letters as you can:Slide 21Memory StoragesThe Modal Memory SystemStage 1: Sensory MemorySlide 25Stage 2: Short-Term MemorySlide 27Stage 3: Long-Term MemoryStage 3: Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory SystemsExplicit MemoryImplicit MemoryRetrievalSlide 34Retrieval CuesRetrieval: PrimingSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39ForgettingInterference and ForgettingSlide 42AmnesiaDemonstrationHow many of you remembered…Flashbulb Memories: Where were you when…Are traumatic memories accurate?Slide 48False MemoriesAttention and MemoryCocktail Party PhenomenonSlide 52Slide 53Slide 54Selective Attention: Recognition TestBiology of MemorySlide 57Slide 58Improve Your MemorySlide 60Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory MemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryMemoryTrue or False??1. When people go around a circle saying their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them.2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages.3. Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can store.4. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory.Recall vs Recognition GrouchyGabbyFearfulSleepySmileyJumpyHopefulShyDroopyDopeySniffyWishfulPuffyDumpySneezyLazyPopGrumpyBashfulCheerfulTeachShortyNiftyHappyDocWheezyP-DiddyThe Answers•Research suggests the order, from most likely to least likely recalled is as follows:–Sleepy–Dopey–Grumpy–Sneezy–Happy–Doc–BashfulSeven Dwarfs and STM•Now, turn over the sheet and recall the names of the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheetMemory•Memory–persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of informationMemory•Encoding–the processing of information into the memory system•Storage–the retention of encoded information over time•Retrieval–process of getting information out of memoryEbbinghaus and Memory•Systematic and controlled study of memory in laboratoryH. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)Ebbinghaus and Memory•Ebbinghaus –Used nonsense syllables: TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV FALEM–the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2Ebbinghaus’ Retention Curve201510508 16 24 32 42 53 64Time in minutestaken to relearnlist on day 2Number of repetitions of list on day 1•Most forgetting occurs right after learning–approx. 50% in first 40 min•Relationship between delay and forgetting not linear Ebbinghaus and Forgetting CurveEbbinghaus and Memory•Other important findings–Beneficial effects of distributed practice for repetitions (ie., ‘spacing effect’)–List-length effectEncoding•Automatic Processing•Effortful ProcessingEncodingEffortful AutomaticTypes of Encoding•Encoding Meaning•Acoustic Encoding•Visual EncodingEncoding Aids•Meaning (semantics)•Imagery•Mnemonics–memory aids–E.g., ‘peg-word’ systemEncoding Aids•Mnemonics–Method of lociEncoding Aids•Chunking–organizing items into familiar, manageable units–use of acronyms•HOMES-Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorRemember as many of the following numbers as you can:•1776198514922004•1776198514922004Remember as many of the following letters as you can:•XIBMSATMTVPHDX •X IBM SAT MTV PHD XEncoding Aids•Hierarchies–Organization of knowledge under narrower concepts/headings•Rehearsal–conscious repetition of informationMemory Storages•Sensory•Short term (working memory)•Long termThe Modal Memory SystemStage 1: Sensory Memory•Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperling’s classic experiment, and lasts about 1/3 second•Echoic memory•Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to experience the world as a continuous streamStage 1: Sensory MemoryStage 2: Short-Term Memory•Short-Term Memory –limited in duration and capacity–George Miller’s “magical” number 7 +/- 2Stage 2: Short-Term Memory01020304050607080903 6 9 12 15 18Time in seconds between presentationof contestants and recall request(no rehearsal allowed)Percentagewho recalledconsonantsRapid decaywith no rehearsalStage 3: Long-Term Memory•Rajan Mahadevan’s Amazing Memory–Memorized first 30,000 numbers of PI•SolomonShereshevskii–“What a crumbly yellow voice you have.” –Would “feel” images, “taste” colors, and “smell” soundsStage 3: Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory Systems• Explicit memory involves conscious effort• Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effortExplicit Memory•Explicit memory involves the processes used to remember specific information which can be declared•Episodic memory is personal •Semantic memory involves knowledge of factsImplicit Memory•Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which people show without awareness that they are remembering something•Implicit memory does not require attention and is automatic•Consider “procedural memory”•Repetition primingRetrieval•Recall–retrieve information learned earlier•Recognition–identify items previously learnedRetrieval Cues•Reminders of information we could not otherwise recall•Guides to where to look for info–Context Effects•Priming–the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memoryRetrieval: PrimingRetrieval: State Dependence010203040Water/landLand/waterWater/waterDifferent contexts for hearing and recallSame contexts for hearing and recallLand/landPercentage ofwords recalledRetrieval•Mood-Congruent Memory–tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current moodForgetting•Interference–Proactive (forward-acting) Interference–Retroactive (backwards-acting) InterferenceInterference and ForgettingInterference and ForgettingWithout interferingevents, recall isbetterAfter sleepAfter remaining awake 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Hours elapsed after learning syllables90% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0Percentageof syllablesrecalledAmnesia•Retrograde Amnesia–Loss of past memory•Anterograde Amnesia–Can’t form new
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