Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory True or False 1 When people go around a circle saying their names their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them 2 Our experiences are etched on our brain just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages 3 Although our capacity for storing information is large we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can store 4 The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory Recall vs Recognition Grouchy Dopey Bashful Gabby Sniffy Cheerful Fearful Wishful Teach Sleepy Puffy Shorty Smiley Dumpy Nifty Jumpy Sneezy Happy Hopeful Lazy Doc Shy Pop Wheezy The Answers Research suggests the order from most likely to least likely recalled is as follows Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful Seven Dwarfs and STM Now turn over the sheet and recall the names of the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheet Memory Memory persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information Memory Encoding the processing of information into the memory system Storage the retention of encoded information over time Retrieval process of getting information out of memory Ebbinghaus and Memory Systematic and controlled study of memory in laboratory H Ebbinghaus 1850 1909 Ebbinghaus and Memory Ebbinghaus Used nonsense syllables TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV FALEM the more times practiced on Day 1 the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2 Ebbinghaus Retention Curve Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20 15 10 5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 Number of repetitions of list on day 1 64 Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Curve Most forgetting occurs right after learning approx 50 in first 40 min Relationship between delay and forgetting not linear Ebbinghaus and Memory Other important findings Beneficial effects of distributed practice for repetitions ie spacing effect List length effect Encoding Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Encoding Effortful Automatic Types of Encoding Encoding Meaning Acoustic Encoding Visual Encoding Encoding Aids Meaning semantics Imagery Mnemonics memory aids E g peg word system Encoding Aids Mnemonics Method of loci Encoding Aids Chunking organizing items into familiar manageable units use of acronyms HOMES Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior Remember as many of the following numbers as you can 1776198514922004 1776198514922004 Remember as many of the following letters as you can XIBMSATMTVPHDX X IBM SAT MTV PHD X Encoding Aids Hierarchies Organization of knowledge under narrower concepts headings Rehearsal conscious repetition of information Memory Storages Sensory Short term working memory Long term The Modal Memory System Stage 1 Sensory Memory Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperling s classic experiment and lasts about 1 3 second Echoic memory Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to experience the world as a continuous stream Stage 1 Sensory Memory Stage 2 Short Term Memory Short Term Memory limited in duration and capacity George Miller s magical number 7 2 Stage 2 Short Term Memory Percentage who recalled consonants 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Rapid decay with no rehearsal 3 6 9 12 15 18 Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request no rehearsal allowed Stage 3 Long Term Memory Rajan Mahadevan s Amazing Memory Memorized first 30 000 numbers of PI Solomon Shereshevskii What a crumbly yellow voice you have Would feel images taste colors and smell sounds Stage 3 Long Term Memory Long Term Memory Systems Explicit memory involves conscious effort Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effort Explicit Memory Explicit memory involves the processes used to remember specific information which can be declared Episodic memory is personal Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts Implicit Memory Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which people show without awareness that they are remembering something Implicit memory does not require attention and is automatic Consider procedural memory Repetition priming Retrieval Recall retrieve information learned earlier Recognition identify items previously learned Retrieval Cues Reminders of information we could not otherwise recall Guides to where to look for info Context Effects Priming the activation often unconsciously of particular associations in memory Retrieval Priming Retrieval State Dependence Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0 Water land Land water Different contexts for hearing and recall Water water Land land Same contexts for hearing and recall Retrieval Mood Congruent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one s current mood Forgetting Interference Proactive forward acting Interference Retroactive backwards acting Interference Interference and Forgetting Interference and Forgetting Percentage of syllables recalled 90 Without interfering events recall is better 80 70 After sleep 60 50 40 30 20 10 After remaining awake 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours elapsed after learning syllables 8 Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Loss of past memory Anterograde Amnesia Can t form new memories Anterograde Amnesia Demonstration Take out paper and pen How many of you remembered Flame Smoke Fire Bed Snore Sleep Flashbulb Memories Where were you when Brown Kulik JFK assassination Neisser Harsch Challenger explosion study Are traumatic memories accurate Generally accepted theory Central facts remembered more accurately Peripheral details inaccurate and often fabricated in later stories Eyewitness Testimony Method Show video of car accident 2 conditions hit vs smash Results Broken glass No but one week later smashed 33 yes hit 14 yes False Memories Loftus Imagination inflation Mall study Leo Suspects found to make false confessions during police interrogations Attention and Memory Attention internal processes used to focus our awareness on a subset of perceptual information Attention affects what we remember Cocktail Party Phenomenon Cocktail Party Phenomenon Studied in labs using the dichotic listening technique Two different messages presented one in each ear Participants later asked to recall information or sometimes have to shadow the words presented to one ear Much of intelligent behavior depends on successfully managing your attention For example while driving a car you might devote most of your attention to the conversation but if the traffic gets bad or if you have to look for a particular street you might shift
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