PSY 301 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Development 1 What is maturation Allows a human to develop because of our genetic instructions These instructions cause various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence Experience helps adjust our development 2 In Piaget s theory what are the stages of cognitive development Sensory Motor Intelligence ages 0 to 2 Preoperational period ages 2 6 Concrete operational period ages 6 11 Formal operational period 11 and up 3 According to Piaget what is a schema They are general concepts involving theories about or models of the way the world works 4 What is assimilation When does it occur When a child first tries to integrate new information with existing schemas 5 What is accommodation When does it occur If the schemas can t absorb the new information then existing schemas are altered to fit new information 6 How does the child acquire information about the world during the sensorimotor stage Children experience the world through senses and actions as they develop basic schemas 7 What kind of cognitive abilities does the child acquire during the sensorimotor stage They show the beginning of object permanence where they understand that objects continue to exist even if the child is not in sensory contact with them They develop stranger anxiety 8 What is object permanence What kinds of things can a child do after acquiring object permanence that s he could not do before Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even if you are not in sensory contact with them 9 What kind of cognitive abilities does the child acquire during the stage of preoperational development Children can represent things in words and images Uses intuition rather than logical reasoning Common misconceptions of the world Lacks conservation 10 What is conservation What kinds of things can a child do after acquiring object permanence that s he could not do before Conservation is the understanding that an object can retain a property under a variety of transformations To gain conservation they must learn to focus on operations and not results 11 What is egocentrism What kinds of things can a child do after acquiring object permanence that s he could not do before Egocentrism is the way the child can see the world from his or her point of view 12 What is theory of mind What kinds of things can a child do after acquiring a theory of mind losing egocentrism that s he could not do before Theory of mind is understanding that other people have different ideas and understanding 13 What kind of cognitive abilities does the child acquire during the stage of concrete operational development Children can think logically about concrete objects and events They understand how actions can affect transform concrete objects They understand conservation 14 What kind of cognitive abilities does the child acquire during the stage of formal operational development Reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking They can now use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason Can make abstract moral judgments Can think about G d in deeper terms They can think about how ideas can be reached 15 In Vygotsky s view of cognitive development what causes the child s mind to grow He saw cognitive development differently he believed that children develop through interactions with members of their own culture 16 What is attachment The bond that the child feels towards significant adults especially primary caretakers 17 What is a secure attachment What factors contribute to forming a secure attachment When the mom leaves and causes the child to become distressed but then when she returns the child is happy again 18 What is an insecure attachment What factors contribute to forming an insecure attachment When the mom leaves and the child becomes distressed and when she comes back the child is still distressed 19 What are the characteristics of authoritarian authoritative and permissive parents Authoritarian The parents strictly control the child and the child has little input and cannot argue with their parents Permissive Parents do not assert authority Authoritative Parents exercise authority and offer explanations 20 What are the consequences of authoritarian authoritative and permissive parents Authoritarian Less responsive from children Permissive Children are out of control Authoritative Parents offer explanations Personality 1 What is the standard definition of personality in psychology Personality are enduring patterns of thought feeling and behavior 2 What are the three parts of the personality in terms of Freud s theory An unconscious mind that influences emotions and feelings Much of adult personality is due to childhood experiences Emotional problems can be aided by verbal therapy designed to explore the unconscious 3 In Freud s theory what individual role does each part of the personality play ID most primitive part contains all the basic biological urges EGO attempts to realize the ids desires initially unconscious Superego represents the internalize rules of parents and through them of society 4 In Freud s theory how do the three components of the personality work together The ego is developed from the id and the superego is developed from the ego Ego needs to suppress id desires to satisfy the superego 5 What are the pleasure and reality principles Which component of the personality operates according to each of these principles Why Pleasure principle gratification now Reality primary process thinking 6 In Freud s theory what is a defense mechanism Ego develops a defense mechanism To handle these new outlets and to keep the desires repressed 7 What function do defense mechanisms play It helps handle new outlets and keep desires repressed 8 What is Jung s theory of the collective unconscious Emphasized the collective unconscious Believed every dominant side of personality had a non dominant side unconscious 9 What are the Rorschach and TAT thematic apperception test projective personality tests What are they designed to measure What is the primary problem with using them for diagnosis TAT People express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes Identify peoples inner feelings Trained raters come up with different interpretations of the test for the same patient 10 What are the major criticisms of Freud s personality theory Projective tests lack both reliability and validity Validity
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