Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)MotivationSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Perspectives on MotivationInstincts & Evolutionary PsychologyImprinting (Tinbergen, 1951)Drives and IncentivesIncentiveOptimum ArousalYerkes-Dodson LawNovelty and arousalA Hierarchy of MotivesHierarchy of NeedsHungerThe Physiology of HungerStomachs RemovedBody Chemistry & the BrainHypothalamic CentersSlide 22Hypothalamus & HormonesSet PointDieting is typically not successfulRestrained eatingThe Psychology of HungerTaste Preference: Biology or Culture?Hot Cultures like Hot SpicesEating DisordersSlide 31Reasons for Eating DisordersObesity and Weight ControlObesityBody Mass Index (BMI)Obesity and MortalitySocial Effects of ObesityPhysiology of ObesitySet Point and MetabolismThe Genetic FactorActivityWeight ControlFood ConsumptionSlide 44Losing WeightPlan to Lose WeightSlide 47SummarySexual MotivationThe Physiology of SexSexual ProblemsHormones and Sexual BehaviorEstrogenTestosteroneThe Psychology of SexExternal StimuliImagined StimuliAdolescent SexualityContraceptionSexually Transmitted InfectionsSlide 61Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation StatisticsOrigins of Sexual OrientationGenes & Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation: BiologyBiopsychosocial Developmental Model for Sexual OrientationChanging AttitudesAnimal HomosexualitySex and Human ValuesThe Need to BelongAiding SurvivalBelongingnessAchievement MotivationAchievement MotivationSources of Achievement MotivationMyers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Chapter 10MotivationJames A. McCubbin, PhDAneeq Ahmad, Ph.D.Clemson University(Modified by Ray Hawkins, Ph.D.)Worth PublishersMotivationMotivational ConceptsInstincts and Evolutionary PsychologyDrives and IncentivesOptimum ArousalA Hierarchy of MotivesMotivationHungerThe Physiology of HungerThe Psychology of HungerObesity and Weight ControlMotivationSexual MotivationThe Physiology of SexThe Psychology of SexAdolescent SexualitySexual OrientationSex and Human ValuesMotivationThe Need to BelongAchievement MotivationIdentifying Achievement MotivationSources of Achievement MotivationMotivationMotivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.Aron RalstonAP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy WalgrenPerspectives on MotivationFour perspectives used to explain motivation include the following: 1. Instinct Theory (replaced by the evolutionary perspective)2. Drive-Reduction Theory3. Arousal Theory4. Hierarchy of MotivesFilmInstincts & Evolutionary PsychologyInstincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951).Where the woman builds different kinds of housesthe bird builds only one kind of nest.© Ariel Skelley/ MasterfileTony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.Imprinting (Tinbergen, 1951)12.03Drives and IncentivesWhen the instinct theory of motivation failed, it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.IncentiveWhere our needs push, incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives.A food-deprived person who smells baking bread(incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.FilmOptimum ArousalHuman motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive.Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of WisconsinRandy Faris/ CorbisYerkes-Dodson LawNovelty and arousalA Hierarchy of MotivesAbraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.(1908-1970)Hierarchy of NeedsHurricane SurvivorsMenahem Kahana/ AFP/ Getty ImagesMario Tama/ Getty ImagesDavid Portnoy/ Getty Images for SternJoe Skipper/ Reuters/ CorbisHungerWhen are we hungry?When do we eat?When there is no food in our stomach.When we are hungry.How do we know when our stomach is empty?Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.The Physiology of HungerStomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.Stomachs RemovedTsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).Body Chemistry & the BrainLevels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.Rat HypothalamusHypothalamic CentersThe lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (stimulation). Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating. The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads rats to eat ravenously.Hypothalamic CentersThe ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (stimulation). Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively.Richard HowardHypothalamus & HormonesThe hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones thatare related to hunger.Hormone Tissue ResponseOrexin increase Hypothalamus Increases hungerGhrelin increase Stomach Increases hungerInsulin increase Pancreas Increases hungerLeptin increase Fat cells Decreases hungerPPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hungerSet PointManipulating the lateral and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body’s “weight thermostat.” Heredity influences set point and body type.If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases. If weight is gained, the opposite takes place.Dieting is typically not successfulSet Pointthe point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly setwhen the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weightBasal Metabolic Ratebody’s base rate of energy expenditureDietary concern or “restrained eating”Restrained eatingThe Psychology of HungerMemory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rozin et al., 1998).Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!Richard Olsenius/ Black StarVictor EnglebertHot Cultures like Hot
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