Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 7th Ed Chapter 10 Motivation James A McCubbin PhD Aneeq Ahmad Ph D Clemson University Modified by Ray Hawkins Ph D Worth Publishers Motivation Motivational Concepts Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Drives and Incentives Optimum Arousal A Hierarchy of Motives Motivation Hunger The Physiology of Hunger The Psychology of Hunger Obesity and Weight Control Motivation Sexual Motivation The Physiology of Sex The Psychology of Sex Adolescent Sexuality Sexual Orientation Sex and Human Values Motivation The Need to Belong Achievement Motivation Identifying Achievement Motivation Sources of Achievement Motivation Motivation Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal AP Photo Rocky Mountain News Judy Walgren Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down Aron Ralston Perspectives on Motivation Four perspectives used to explain motivation include the following 1 Instinct Theory replaced by the evolutionary perspective 2 Drive Reduction Theory 3 Arousal Theory 4 Hierarchy of Motives Film Instincts Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned Tinbergen 1951 Tony Brandenburg Bruce Coleman Inc Ariel Skelley Masterfile Where the woman builds different kinds of houses the bird builds only one kind of nest 12 03 Imprinting Tinbergen 1951 Drives and Incentives When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive reduction theory A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Incentive Where our needs push incentives positive or negative stimuli pull us in reducing our drives A food deprived person who smells baking bread incentive feels a strong hunger drive Film Optimum Arousal Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal not to eliminate it Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need based drive Randy Faris Corbis Harlow Primate Laboratory University of Wisconsin Yerkes Dodson Law Novelty and arousal A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow 1970 suggested that certain needs have priority over others Physiological needs like breathing thirst and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement self esteem and the need for recognition 1908 1970 Hierarchy of Needs Joe Skipper Reuters Corbis Mario Tama Getty Images David Portnoy Getty Images for Stern Menahem Kahana AFP Getty Images Hurricane Survivors Hunger When do we eat When we are hungry When are we hungry When there is no food in our stomach How do we know when our stomach is empty Our stomach growls These are also called hunger pangs The Physiology of Hunger Stomach contractions pangs send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger Stomachs Removed Tsang 1938 removed rat stomachs connected the esophagus to the small intestines and the rats still felt hungry and ate food Body Chemistry the Brain Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors neurons in the stomach liver and intestines They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain Rat Hypothalamus Hypothalamic Centers The lateral hypothalamus LH brings on hunger stimulation Destroy the LH and the animal has no interest in eating The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH which leads rats to eat ravenously Hypothalamic Centers The ventromedial hypothalamus VMH depresses hunger stimulation Destroy the VMH and the animal eats excessively Richard Howard Hypothalamus Hormones The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger Hormone Orexin increase Tissue Response Hypothalamus Increases hunger Ghrelin increase Stomach Increases hunger Insulin increase Pancreas Increases hunger Leptin increase Fat cells Decreases hunger PPY increase Digestive tract Decreases hunger Set Point Manipulating the lateral and the ventromedial hypothalamus alters the body s weight thermostat Heredity influences set point and body type If weight is lost food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases If weight is gained the opposite takes place Dieting is typically not successful Set Point the point at which an individual s weight thermostat is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body s base rate of energy expenditure Dietary concern or restrained eating Restrained eating The Psychology of Hunger Memory plays an important role in hunger Due to difficulties with retention amnesia patients eat frequently if given food Rozin et al 1998 Taste Preference Biology or Culture Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for Victor Englebert Richard Olsenius Black Star Hot Cultures like Hot Spices Countries with hot climates use more bacteriainhibiting spices in meat dishes Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa when a normal weight person usually an adolescent woman diets and becomes significantly 15 underweight yet still feeling fat continues to starve Lisa O Connor Zuma Corbis Reprinted by permission of The New England Journal of Medicine 207 Oct 5 1932 613 617 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating usually high calorie foods followed by vomiting using laxatives fasting or excessive exercise Reasons for Eating Disorders 1 Sexual Abuse Childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders 2 Family Younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern 3 Genetics Twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins Obesity and Weight Control Fat is an ideal form of stored energy and is readily available In times of famine an overweight body was a sign of affluence Obesity A disorder characterized by being excessively overweight Obesity increases the risk for health issues like cardiovascular diseases diabetes hypertension arthritis and back problems http www cyberdiet com Body Mass Index BMI Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes high blood pressure heart disease gallstones arthritis and certain types of cancer thus shortening their lifeexpectancy Obesity and Mortality The death rate is high among very overweight men Social Effects of Obesity When women applicants
View Full Document
Unlocking...