ConsciousnessChapter 6: 187-208Items ~10 Definition of consciousness Selective attention and examples Circadian Rhythm Stages of sleep; REM/paradoxical sleep Effects of sleep loss; what REM rebound is Sleep disorders (different types, how night terrors are different from nightmares) Definition of dreams; manifest/latent content Theories of dreams Hypnosis Addiction; misconceptions; overview of drugs and their effectsLearningChapter 7: 224-255Items ~15 Learning can be associative (classical or operant) and observational Animal/human research on imitation/modeling (effect of TV included) Classical conditioning Example: Last year, Dr. Drew cleaned Emmy’s skin with rubbing alcohol toadminister a series of painful rabies shots. Emmy now becomes fearful when she smells any kind of alcohol. Identify:UCS ________UCR ________CS ________CR ________Was there any generalization in this example? _______ Should the CS come before or after the UCS? Examples of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and discrimination The role of biological predispositions and applications of Pavlov’s work What is shaping? Reinforcement & PunishmentType of OC Behavior Stimulus ExamplePositive Increases Added Hug afterReinforcement homeworkNegative Increases Withdrawn Smoking toReinforcement curb stressPositive Decreases Added Spanking for Punishment naughtinessNegative Decreases Withdrawn Ignoring aPunishment tantrum Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing of the car is: A) a positive reinforcerB) a UCRC) a CR D) a negative reinforcer Mira quit gambling after she lost over a 1000 dollars betting on horse races: This best illustrates the effects of: A) positive reinforcementB) negative reinforcementC) positive punishmentD) negative punishment Difference between primary and secondary/conditioned reinforcers Reinforcement schedulesRatio: based on # of responsesInterval: based on timeTypes: Fixed and Variable for bothThink of the advantages of the advantages of intermittent reinforcement Extrinsic/intrinsic motivationMemoryChapter 8: 257-279Items ~15 Encoding, storage, retrieval What is a sensory memory (iconic and echoic)? A flashbulb memory? Atkinson-Shiffrin processing model Difference between automatic/peripheral and effortful/central processing Types of long-term memories Spacing effect, serial position effect, next-in-line effect Difference between chunking and hierarchies? Physiology of memory: LTP, stress hormones, role of left and right hippocampi, cerebellum Priming examples Context and state effects on memory InterferenceProactive (interference that goes forward—past learning affects future learning)Retroactive (interference that goes backward—future learning affects past learning)Positive transfer (when past learning helps future learning)EmotionChapter 8: 379-424Items ~10 Effects of facial expressions: which theory does it support? The theories of emotion (James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schacter) Relationship between Schacter’s two-factor theory and spillover effect Cognition or emotion: what comes first (Zajonc and Lazarus) Physiology of emotion Lie detectors Emotion detection (culture, gender effects) Catharsis Happiness StressLanguage and IntelligenceChapter 9: 302-336Items ~10 Theories of language Linguistic determinism Imagery Animal language Calculate IQ Spearman’s g Gardener’s multiple intelligences (savant syndrome) Strenberg’s concept Emotional intelligence Creativity What is a normal curve? What is standardization? Types of reliability Types of validity Thought: Can a measure be reliable but not valid? Can a measure be valid but not reliable? Think of examples. Genetic influences, environmental influences on intelligence Question of bias and stereotype
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