Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Neuroscience and BehaviorSlide 3History of MindNeural CommunicationSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11How Neurotransmitters Influence UsDopamine PathwaysSlide 14Lock & Key MechanismAgonistsAntagonistsThe Nervous SystemSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)Central Nervous SystemSlide 25The Endocrine SystemHormonesPituitary GlandThyroid & Parathyroid GlandsAdrenal GlandsGonadsThe BrainSlide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36The Brain (How it’s Studied)Electroencephalogram (EEG)PowerPoint PresentationSlide 40Slide 41Libet (2004): Consciousness and awarenessSlide 43PET ScanMRI ScanSlide 46Slide 47The Limbic SystemLimbic System - Reward CenterThe Cerebral CortexStructure of the CortexFunctions of the CortexVisual FunctionAuditory FunctionAssociation AreasSpecialization & IntegrationLanguageBrain ReorganizationOur Divided BrainSplitting the BrainSplit Brain PatientsDivided ConsciousnessTry This!Non-Split BrainsDescartes’ “Seat of the Soul” ?Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Chapter 2Neuroscience and BehaviorJames A. McCubbin, PhDAneeq Ahmad, Ph.D.(Modified by Ray Hawkins, Ph.D)Worth PublishersNeuroscience and BehaviorNeural CommunicationNeuronsHow Neurons CommunicateHow Neurotransmitters Influence UsThe Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous SystemNeuroscience and BehaviorThe Endocrine SystemThe BrainOlder Brain StructuresThe Cerebral CortexOur Divided BrainStudying Hemispheric Differences in the Intact BrainHistory of MindIn 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular.PhrenologyBettman/ CorbisNeural CommunicationBiological Psychologybranch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behaviorsome biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologist, or biopsychologistsNecessity of knowing biological processes underlying human behavior and mental functioning, as much behavior is motivated by biological needsNeurona nerve cellthe basic building block of the nervous systemNeural CommunicationDendritethe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell bodyAxonthe extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glandsMyelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neuronsenables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulsesNeural CommunicationNeural CommunicationAction Potential A neural impulse. A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. Threshold Each neuron receives excitatory and inhibitory signals from many neurons. When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity (threshold) the neuron fires an action potential.Neural CommunicationAction Potential PropertiesAll-or-None Response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed.Intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon.Neural CommunicationSynapse [SIN-aps]a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential. ReuptakeNeurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.Neural CommunicationHow Neurotransmitters Influence UsSerotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California PressDopamine PathwaysDopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California PressNeural CommunicationLock & Key MechanismNeurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.AgonistsAntagonistsThe Nervous SystemNervous System the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systemsCentral Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the bodyThe Nervous SystemCentral(brain andspinal cord)NervoussystemAutonomic (controlsself-regulated action ofinternal organs and glands)Skeletal (controlsvoluntary movements ofskeletal muscles)Sympathetic (arousing)Parasympathetic (calming)PeripheralThe Nervous SystemNerves neural “cables” containing many axonspart of the peripheral nervous systemconnect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organsSensory Neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous systemThe Nervous SystemInterneurons CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputsMotor Neuronscarry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glandsSomatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal musclesThe Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart)Sympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situationsParasympathetic Nervous System division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energyAutonomic Nervous System (ANS)Sympathetic NS “Arouses”(fight-or-flight)Parasympathetic NS “Calms”(rest and digest)Central Nervous SystemThe Brain and Neural NetworksComplex Neural NetworkInterconnected neurons
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