GeneticsThe Nature/Nurture DebateThe Nature Nurture DebateThe Simple ViewGenetics and BehaviorSlide 6Genotype & PhenotypeGenes: Essential DefinitionsSlide 9Slide 10Genotypic Variation Is Created by Sexual ReproductionSlide 12Sexual ReproductionGenes Affect BehaviorBehavior GeneticsSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18MZ and DZ concordance ratesSlide 20Twins StudiesEnvironmental InfluencesSocial and Environmental Contexts Influence Genetic ExpressionSlide 24Temperament and geneticsSlide 26Slide 27GeneticsGeneticsThe Nature/Nurture DebateThe Nature/Nurture DebateHow great is the influence of genes or environment on our behavior, personality, biology, etc.?The Nature Nurture DebateThe Nature Nurture DebateMake two columns on a sheet of paper - 1) nature; 2) nurture Write characteristics you believe are mostly nature or mostly nurture in the appropriate columnIf the characteristic was nurture, what seemed to be the influences?The Simple ViewThe Simple ViewBehavior = genes + environmentThe Realistic ViewBehavior = genes + prenatal environment + parental influence + nutrition + family income + education + culture + traumas + chance …Genetics and Genetics and BehaviorBehaviorNucleus Chromosome GeneCell DNAGenotype & PhenotypeGenotype & PhenotypeGenes: Essential Genes: Essential DefinitionsDefinitionsChromosomes–threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genesDNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)–complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes–has two strands-forming a “double helix”- held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotidesGenes: Essential DefinitionsGenes: Essential DefinitionsGenes–biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes–a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein–The paradox 30,000 genes for 300,000 proteinsGenome–the complete instructions for making an organism–consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomesGenes: Essential DefinitionsGenes: Essential DefinitionsGenotype-The genetic constitution of an individual. Depending on context, this may refer to the alleles at a single locus or to the complete set of genes.Phenotype-Any measurable trait of an individual. Phenotype results from an interaction between genotype and environment.Genotypic Variation Is Created by Genotypic Variation Is Created by Sexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionWhat determines the genetic uniqueness of individuals?–Gametes–ZygoteMutations are experiments in selective advantage–Industrial melanism–Sickle-cell disease- homozygotes - anemia, joint pain, swollen spleen, frequent severe infections, high rate of childhood death- heterozygotes- basically normal blood function- resistant to malariaPrice for malarial resistance- homozygous sickle cell childrenSickle Cell Disease and MalariaSexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionCombines gametes thereby creating new genotypeMay have evolved to outcompete parasitesGenes Affect BehaviorGenes Affect BehaviorBehavioral Genetics Methods: –Twin Studies Compare MZ and DZ Twins:–Adoption Studies:Behavior GeneticsBehavior GeneticsIdentical Twins–develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, creating two genetic replicasFraternal Twins –develop from separate zygotes–genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environmentIdenticaltwinsFraternaltwinsSamesex onlySame oropposite sexIdentical (monozygotic twins)Non-identical, fraternal (dizygotic twins)Identical twins reared togethersame genes (relatedness of 1.0)same environmentIdentical twins reared apartsane genes (relatedness of 1.0)different environmentFraternal twins reared togetherhalf genes the same (relatedness 0.5)same environmentFraternal twins reared aparthalf genes the same (relatedness 0.5)different environmentNature v Nurture: Twin StudiesJack Yufe: raised by Jewish father in CaribbeanOskar Stohr: raised by catholic grandmother in Nazi GermanyNature v Nurture: Twin StudiesIf we had identical twins reared apart could we separate the effects of phenotype, of genotype, and of the environment. In some cases this has happened.Nature v Nurture: Twin StudiesBoth like sweet liqueursStore rubber bands on their wristsRead magazines from back to frontDip buttered toast in their coffeeHave very similar personalitiesMZ and DZ concordance MZ and DZ concordance ratesratesSeparated TwinsSeparated TwinsTwins StudiesTwins StudiesComparing identical twins separated at birthTwins studies movieEnvironmental InfluencesEnvironmental InfluencesPrenatal environmentSocial and Environmental Social and Environmental Contexts Influence Genetic Contexts Influence Genetic ExpressionExpressionAfrican Americans and Hypertension: a controversial theoryGene expression as concerns child maltreatment and criminality is reflected in next slide.Child Maltreatment, Criminality, and Gene ExpressionTemperament and geneticsTemperament and geneticsSuomi genetic studies on rhesus monkeys–Two alleles of one gene: the “short” version causes neurobehavioral deficits ONLY IF the infant monkey is raised with peers but without its motherThe “long” version causes no neurobehavioral deficits, regardless of rearing–Maternal buffering?Behavior GeneticsBehavior GeneticsAdoption studies–Are adopted kids more like their biological relatives or their adopted relatives?–General findings: adoptees more like biological parents than adopted parents in intelligence and
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