Psych 301, Fall ’03 Exam 4 Practice Questions 1. Very brief memory for visual information is termed a. echoic memory. b. iconic memory. c. haptic memory. d. visuospatial sketchpad. 2. Information is transferred from sensory to working memory via processes of a. perception. b. encoding. c. sensation. d. decay. 3. What is the capacity of short-term memory? a. large, but everything must fit into a single chunk b. 4-7 chunks c. It depends on whether whole report or partial report is used. d. however much can be transferred from sensory memory before it decays 4. The theory of working memory differs from the earlier theory of short-term memory primarily in that it includes a. sensory memory. b. the visuospatial sketchpad. c. processing and manipulation of information. d. information that has been recalled from long-term memory. 5. The transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory is called a. transduction. b. consolidation. c. encoding. d. chunking. 6. Which of the following tasks would be most likely to lead to long-term memory for a list of words? a. counting the number of letters in each word b. finding a rhyme for each word c. thinking up a synonym for each word d. whichever of these happens to take the most time 7. Spreading activation refers to a. the effects of emotional processing on cognition. b. the way that long-term memories are retrieved based on associations. c. categorization of a novel stimulus based on its similarity to a prototype. d. the interactions between neighboring retinal cells that are responsible for contrast-based vision and edge-detection. 8. Amnesia is a case of damage to ____ memory while ____ memory is unaffected. a. long-term; short-term b. short-term; sensory c. sensory; long-term d. episodic; semantic 9. Which brain structure has the most important role in acquisition of episodic memories? a. hypothalamus b. cerebellum c. amygdala d. hippocampus 10. Patients with anterograde amnesia due to temporal lobe damage can usually still acquire new a. episodic knowledge. b. semantic knowledge. c. procedural knowledge. d. declarative knowledge. 11. Someone who has forgotten their name, family, and personal history most likely has a. prosopagnosia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. akinetopsia. d. anterograde amnesia. 12. Consolidation refers to the process of a. creating larger units from information in working memory so that it can be stored more easily. b. transferring information from working memory to long-term memory. c. practicing a task until the knowledge moves from declarative to procedural memory, so that it can be done automatically. d. transferring long-term memories from the hippocampus to the cortex, so that they will be more permanent. 13. Which sentence best describes the human memory system? a. Memory is essentially infallible. b. Memory often makes errors because it is a poorly designed system. c. Memory often doesn't perform the way people want it to, because the system has other purposes besides literal recording of experience. d. Memory often fails, but the reasons are currently largely unknown. 14. You cannot remember what you had for lunch last Tuesday because the memory is blocked by memories for meals you've had since. This is most likely due to a. anterograde amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. proactive interference. d. retroactive interference. 15. Flashbulb memory a. is memory in which details are especially accurate. b. is another name for iconic memory (visual sensory memory). c. is memory for important events in which details are especially vivid but not particularly accurate. d. is the closest thing to photographic memory that has been empirically demonstrated (also known as eidetic imagery).16. Schemas are useful for a. organizing memories. b. filling in forgotten details. c. inferring unobserved facts. d. all of the above. 17. You can recall the Longhorns' logo not by picturing it, but by knowing that it is orange, looks like the head of a cow, and has horns protruding from either side. This knowledge is based on a ____ representation. a. pictorial b. phonological c. propositional d. prototype 18. Biologists group animals into vertebrates and invertebrates based on whether they have a spine. This is best described by a(n) ____ model. a. defining attribute b. prototype c. exemplar d. neural network 19. When deciding whether a piece of music qualifies as jazz, you consider a number of factors, including the instruments involved, the style of vocals (if present), the tempo, and the degree of improvisation. Each factor has a different weight and the final decision is based on the summed input from all of them. This is best described by a(n) ____ model. a. defining attribute b. prototype c. exemplar d. neural network 20. An exemplar is a. any real member of a category. b. any idealized representative of a category. c. a real object that exemplifies the typical features of its category. d. none of the above. 21. Insight learning is characterized by all of the following except a. a need for expertise in the particular problem domain. b. progress based on viewing the problem in a different way. c. sudden rapid progress after a long period of stagnation. d. often discovering the solution while engaged in a different task. 22. Suppose you are working on a jigsaw puzzle. What are the operators for this problem? a. the pieces b. possible arrangements of pieces c. placing a piece in a particular place, or hooking two pieces together d. the initial configuration of all the pieces jumbled in the box, along with the goal configuration in which the puzzle has been completed 23. In blackjack, the optimal choice (hit, stand, etc.) can always be calculated based on the cards that are currently showing and the cards that have been dealt in previous hands. However, hardly anyone has the memory capacity to perfectly track which cards have previously appeared (especially when 8-12 decks are used simultaneously). Therefore there are a number of card counting strategies in which the player only keeps track of some summary statistic of the past cards (usually a running count, such as +1 for a number card and -2 for a face card). The player then plays the optimal choice conditioned on this running count, rather than on a full description of all the cards. The theory behind this strategy is an
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