Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)States of ConsciousnessSlide 3Slide 4History of ConsciousnessForms of ConsciousnessSelective AttentionInattentional BlindnessChange BlindnessCan we study consciousness?A difficult questionSleep & DreamsBiological Rhythms and SleepSleep StagesAwake but RelaxedSleep Stages 1-2Sleep Stages 3-4Stage 5: REM Sleep90-Minute Cycles During SleepWhy do we sleep?Sleep DeprivationAccidentsSleep TheoriesSleep DisordersSlide 25PowerPoint PresentationDreamsWhat We DreamWhy We DreamSlide 30Slide 31Dream TheoriesHypnosisFacts and FalsehoodSlide 35Explaining the Hypnotized StateBoth TheoriesDrugs and ConsciousnessDependence & AddictionWithdrawal & DependenceMisconceptions About AddictionPsychoactive DrugsDepressantsSlide 44Slide 45Slide 46StimulantsCaffeine & NicotineWhy Do People Smoke?Slide 50CocaineEcstasyHallucinogensSlide 54Near-Death ExperiencesDrugsInfluences on drug useMarlatt’s researchInfluences on Drug UseSlide 60Marijuana UseInfluence for Drug Prevention and TreatmentMyers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Chapter 6States of ConsciousnessJames A. McCubbin, PhDAneeq Ahmad, Ph.D.(Modified by Ray Hawkins, Ph.D.)Worth PublishersStates of ConsciousnessWaking ConsciousnessSelective AttentionLevels of Information ProcessingStates of ConsciousnessSleep and DreamsBiological Rhythms and SleepWhy Do We Sleep?Sleep DisordersDreamsStates of ConsciousnessHypnosisFacts and FalsehoodsExplaining the Hypnotized StateDrugs and ConsciousnessDependence and AddictionPsychoactive DrugsInfluences on Drug UseHistory of Consciousness1. Psychology began as a science of consciousness.2. Behaviorists argued about alienating consciousness from psychology.3. However, after 1960, mental concepts (consciousness) started reentering psychology.Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.Forms of ConsciousnessBill Ling/ Digital Vision/ Getty ImagesChristine BruneStuart Franklin/ Magnum PhotosAP Photo/ Ricardo MazalanSelective AttentionOur conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We intuitively make use of the information we are not consciously aware of.Inattentional BlindnessInattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. Daniel Simons, University of IllinoisChange BlindnessChange blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions. © 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.Can we study consciousness?The “hard problem”---how to relate the subjective, phenomenological states of consciousness (called “qualia”) to neural activity.Definitions of consciousness (Gazzaniga & Heatherton (2003):Subjectivity (“sentience”)Access to information (e.g., CS, UCS)Self-knowledge (“Johari window”)A unitary experienceIntentionalityA difficult questionSleep & DreamsSleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we inevitably succumb.Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just startedunraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.Biological Rhythms and SleepCircadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light.Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease(morning) melatonin from the pineal glandand increase (evening) it at night fall.Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.Sleep StagesHank Morgan/ RainbowAwake but RelaxedWhen an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is daydreaming shows theta activity.Sleep Stages 1-2Theta WavesDuring deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps).Sleep Stages 3-4Stage 5: REM SleepAfter reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low- amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40 cps) much like awake-aroused state. A person during this sleep exhibitsRapid Eye Movements (REM)and reports vivid dreams.90-Minute Cycles During SleepWith each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.Why do we sleep?We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.If an individual remains awake for several days, immune function and concentration deteriorates and the risk of accidents increases.Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ CorbisSleep Deprivation1. Fatigue and subsequent death.2. Impaired concentration.3. Emotional irritability.4. Depressed immune system.5. Greater vulnerability.AccidentsFrequency of accidents increase with loss of sleepSleep Theories1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.2. Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.3. Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.4. Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.1. Insomnia: A persistent inability to fall asleep.2. Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.3. Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.Sleep DisordersChildren are most prone to:Night terrors: The sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) which occur during Stage 4 sleep.Sleepwalking: A Stage 4 disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day.Sleeptalking: A condition that runs in families, like sleepwalking.Sleep DisordersDreamsThe link between REM sleep and dreaming has opened up a new era of dream research.What We Dream1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content.2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued,
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