Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)MemorySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6The Phenomenon of MemoryStudying Memory: Information Processing ModelsInformation ProcessingModifications to the Three-Stage ModelWorking MemoryEncoding: Getting Information InAutomatic ProcessingEffortful ProcessingRehearsalSlide 16Memory EffectsWhat We EncodeEncoding MeaningVisual EncodingMnemonicsOrganizing Information for EncodingChunkingEncoding - ChunkingSlide 25HierarchyEncoding Summarized in a HierarchyStorage: Retaining InformationSensory MemoryWhole ReportPartial ReportTime DelaySlide 33Sensory MemoriesSlide 35Slide 36CapacitySlide 38DurationWorking Memory DurationLong-Term MemorySlide 42Memory FeatsMemory StoresStoring Memories in the BrainSynaptic ChangesSlide 47Stress Hormones & MemoryStoring Implicit & Explicit MemoriesPowerPoint PresentationAnterograde AmnesiaImplicit MemorySlide 53Retrieval: Getting Information OutMeasures of MemorySlide 56Slide 57Retrieval CuesPrimingContext EffectsDéjà VuSlide 62Moods and MemoriesForgettingSeven “sins” of memory (Schacter, 1999)Encoding FailureStorage DecayRetaining SpanishRetrieval FailureInterferenceRetroactive InterferenceMotivated ForgettingWhy do we forget?Memory ConstructionMisinformation and Imagination EffectsMisinformationSlide 77Source AmnesiaChildren’s Eyewitness RecallMemories of AbuseConstructed MemoriesConsensus on Childhood AbuseImproving MemorySlide 84Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)Chapter 8MemoryJames A. McCubbin, PhDAneeq Ahmad, Ph.D.(Modified by Ray Hawkins, Ph.D.)Worth PublishersMemoryThe Phenomenon of MemoryStudying Memory: Information Processing ModelsEncoding: Getting Information InHow We EncodeWhat We EncodeMemoryStorage: Retaining InformationSensory MemoryWorking/Short-Term MemoryLong-Term MemoryStoring Memories in the BrainMemoryRetrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval CuesForgettingEncoding FailureStorage DecayRetrieval FailureMemoryMemory ConstructionMisinformation and Imagination EffectsSource AmnesiaChildren’s Eyewitness RecallRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Improving MemoryMemoryMemory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and yourself.If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.The Phenomenon of MemoryMemory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information.Studying Memory: Information Processing ModelsKeyboard(Encoding)Disk(Storage)Monitor(Retrieval)Sequential ProcessInformation ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory.Bob Daemmrich/ The Image WorksBob Daemmrich/ The Image WorksFrank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/ CorbisModifications to the Three-Stage Model1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.Working MemoryA newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memoryEncoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode1. Some information (route to your school) is automatically processed.2. However, new or unusual information (friend’s new cell-phone number) requires attention and effort.Automatic ProcessingWe process an enormous amount of information effortlessly, such as the following: 1. Space: While reading a textbook, you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page.2. Time: We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day.3. Frequency: You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you.Effortful ProcessingCommitting novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook. Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories.Spencer Grant/ Photo Edit© Bananastock/ AlamyRehearsalEffortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZHermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)http://www.isbn3-540-21358-9.deRehearsalThe more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1,the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2.Memory Effects1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.What We Encode1. Encoding by meaning2. Encoding by images3. Encoding by organizationEncoding MeaningProcessing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding.Visual EncodingMental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.Both photos: Ho/AP PhotoMnemonicsImagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories.Organizing Information for Encoding1. Chunking2. HierarchiesChunkingOrganizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below.1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.Encoding - ChunkingOrganized information is more easily recalledChunkingAcronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, VioletHierarchyComplex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.Encoding Summarized in a HierarchyStorage: Retaining InformationStorage is at the heart of memory. Three stores of memory are shown below:SensoryMemoryWorkingMemoryLong-termMemoryEncodingRetrievalEncodingEventsRetrievalSensory
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