Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 7th Ed Chapter 8 Memory James A McCubbin PhD Aneeq Ahmad Ph D Modified by Ray Hawkins Ph D Worth Publishers Memory The Phenomenon of Memory Studying Memory Information Processing Models Encoding Getting Information In How We Encode What We Encode Memory Storage Retaining Information Sensory Memory Working Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Storing Memories in the Brain Memory Retrieval Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues Forgetting Encoding Failure Storage Decay Retrieval Failure Memory Memory Construction Misinformation and Imagination Effects Source Amnesia Children s Eyewitness Recall Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse Improving Memory Memory Memory is the basis for knowing your friends your neighbors the English language the national anthem and yourself If memory was nonexistent everyone would be a stranger to you every language foreign every task new and even you yourself would be a stranger The Phenomenon of Memory Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time It is our ability to store and retrieve information Studying Memory Information Processing Models Keyboard Encoding Disk Storage Sequential Process Monitor Retrieval Information Processing Frank Wartenberg Picture Press Corbis Bob Daemmrich The Image Works Bob Daemmrich The Image Works The Atkinson Schiffrin 1968 three stage model of memory includes a sensory memory b short term memory and c long term memory Modifications to the Three Stage Model 1 Some information skips the first two stages and enters long term memory automatically 2 Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory Working Memory A newer understanding of short term memory that involves conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory Encoding Getting Information In How We Encode 1 Some information route to your school is automatically processed 2 However new or unusual information friend s new cell phone number requires attention and effort Automatic Processing We process an enormous amount of information effortlessly such as the following 1 Space While reading a textbook you automatically encode the place of a picture on a page 2 Time We unintentionally note the events that take place in a day 3 Frequency You effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you Effortful Processing Bananastock Alamy Spencer Grant Photo Edit Committing novel information to memory requires effort just like learning a concept from a textbook Such processing leads to durable and accessible memories Rehearsal Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition http www isbn3 540 21358 9 de Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables TUV YOF GEK XOZ Hermann Ebbinghaus 1850 1909 Rehearsal The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on Day 1 the fewer repetitions were required to remember them on Day 2 Memory Effects 1 Spacing Effect We retain information better when we rehearse over time 2 Serial Position Effect When your recall is better for first and last items on a list but poor for middle items What We Encode 1 Encoding by meaning 2 Encoding by images 3 Encoding by organization Encoding Meaning Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine Encoding meaning semantic encoding results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding Visual Encoding Mental pictures imagery are a powerful aid to effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding Both photos Ho AP Photo Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory Organizing Information for Encoding Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories 1 Chunking 2 Hierarchies Chunking Organizing items into a familiar manageable unit Try to remember the numbers below 1 7 7 6 1 4 9 2 1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 If you are well versed with American history chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better 1776 1492 1812 1941 Encoding Chunking Organized information is more easily recalled Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it HOMES Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior ROY G BIV Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy Storage Retaining Information Storage is at the heart of memory Three stores of memory are shown below Sensory Memory Working Memory Long term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval Whole Report Sperling 1960 R G T F M Q L Z S Recall RTMZ 44 recall 50 ms 1 20 second The exposure time for the stimulus is so small that items cannot be rehearsed Partial Report S X T J R S P K Y Low Tone Medium Tone High Tone Recall JRS 100 recall 50 ms 1 20 second Sperling 1960 argued that sensory memory capacity was larger than what was originally thought Time Delay A D I N L V O G H 50 ms 1 20 second Low Tone Time Delay Recall Medium Tone N 33 recall High Tone Sensory Memory Percent Recognized The longer the delay the greater the memory loss 80 60 40 20 0 15 0 30 0 50 Time Seconds 1 00 Sensory Memories The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses Iconic 0 5 sec long Echoic 3 4 sec long Hepatic 1 sec long Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval Working Memory Working memory the new name for short term memory has a limited capacity 7 2 and a short duration 20 seconds Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up to 7 beans thrown on the floor If there were more beans he guessed Capacity The Magical Number Seven Plus or Minus Two Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information 1956 Ready MUTGIKTLRSYP You should be able to recall 7 2 letters George Miller Chunking The capacity of the working memory may be increased by chunking F B I T W A C I A I B M FBI TWA CIA 4 chunks IBM Duration Peterson and
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