1111Exam ResultsExam Results05101520253035404550ABCDE22Social Learning / Social CognitiveSocial Learning / Social Cognitive33Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal DeterminismPerson factors (cognitive)Environmental influences (Situation)Overt Behavior44Humanistic PerspectiveHumanistic PerspectiveBased in understanding and Based in understanding and acceptance of one's own existence acceptance of one's own existence and responsibility.and responsibility.Phenomenological reality Phenomenological reality --one’s one’s conscious understanding of his/her conscious understanding of his/her worldworld55Abraham Abraham MaslowMaslow66Strengths of Humanistic TheoryStrengths of Humanistic TheoryFocus on the positive.Focus on the positive.Easily fits in with other perspectives.Easily fits in with other perspectives.Face validityFace validity2277WeaknessesWeaknessesLack of concrete treatment approaches.Lack of concrete treatment approaches.Can’t help people with severe pathology.Can’t help people with severe pathology.Inaccurate view of human nature.Inaccurate view of human nature.Difficult to test empirically.Difficult to test empirically.Hard to testHard to test88Biological ApproachBiological ApproachCortical arousal and the Ascending Cortical arousal and the Ascending reticular systemreticular system––Introverts versus extroverts.Introverts versus extroverts.Behavioral approach system (BAS) versus Behavioral approach system (BAS) versus Behavioral inhibition systemBehavioral inhibition system991010Personality as AdaptationPersonality as AdaptationMaybe it’s nothingMaybe it’s nothingAdvantages of being differentAdvantages of being different––diversity of offspringdiversity of offspring––occupying alternative nichesoccupying alternative nichesFamily environmentFamily environment––sibling contrastsibling contrast––birth order differencesbirth order differencesGender differencesGender differences1111Sex Differences in PersonalitySex Differences in PersonalityWomen are more:Women are more:––trustworthytrustworthy––extravertedextraverted––anxiousanxious––tendertender--minded/minded/nurturantnurturantMen:Men:––more assertivemore assertive––have slightly higher selfhave slightly higher self--esteemesteem1212The Origins of PersonalityThe Origins of PersonalityHeredityHeredity: biological relatives tend to : biological relatives tend to resemble each other more than adoptive resemble each other more than adoptive relatives or unrelated persons.relatives or unrelated persons.Unshared environmentUnshared environment::aspects of the aspects of the environment that differ from one person environment that differ from one person to anotherto another331313Genetic Influences on PersonalityGenetic Influences on PersonalityResults suggest Results suggest that personality that personality differences in the differences in the population arepopulation are40 40 --50% 50% genetically genetically determined.determined.1414Twin StudiesTwin StudiesIdentical twins are much more alike on Identical twins are much more alike on “Big Five” than are fraternal twins“Big Five” than are fraternal twins1515Where does personality come Where does personality come from?from?1616InteractionismInteractionism1717CrossCross--Cultural Differences in Cultural Differences in PersonalityPersonalityQ = “Describe yourself briefly”.Q = “Describe yourself briefly”.Americans respond confidently and Americans respond confidently and elaborate elaborate --Focus on their unique aspects: have an Focus on their unique aspects: have an individualistic conception of self.individualistic conception of self.Japanese = more tentative responses.Japanese = more tentative responses.––Asian cultures have a collectivist conception of Asian cultures have a collectivist conception of self.self.1818Locus of ControlLocus of Control––belief that rewards either are or are not belief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own effortscontrollable by one’s own efforts––may be internal or externalmay be internal or external441919LUCK AND ACCIDENTS CONTROL OUR LIVESTHERE REALLY IS NO SUCH THING AS LUCKSUCCESS IS BEING IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIMESUCCESS IS A MATTER OF HARD WORKNOT MUCH THE LITTLE GUY CAN DO TO CHANGE THINGSTHE AVERAGE PERSON CAN INFLUENCE THE GOVERNMENTI DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW SOME TEACHERS GIVE GRADESA DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN HOW HARD I STUDY AND MY GRADETHERE'LL ALWAYS BE WARS, NO MATTER WHAT PEOPLE DOWE HAVE WARS BECAUSE PEOPLE DON'T TAKE AN INTEREST IN POLITICSNO MATTER HOW HARD YOU TRY, SOME FOLKS WON'T LIKE YOUPEOPLE WHO CAN'T GET OTHERS TO LIKE THEM DON'T KNOW HOW TO RELATE TO OTHERSEXTERNALINTERNAL20202121How to Measure Personality?How to Measure Personality? 1) Objective Tests – Are people accurate?2222MMPI Sample ItemsMMPI Sample ItemsI usually feel that life is worthwhile and I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting.interesting.––DepressionDepressionEvil people are trying to influence my mind.Evil people are trying to influence my mind.––Paranoia Paranoia I seem to hear things that other people can’t I seem to hear things that other people can’t hear.hear.––SchizophreniaSchizophrenia2323I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my stomach every few days or oftener. stomach every few days or oftener. I am afraid when I look down from a high I am afraid when I look down from a high place.place.Often I cross the street in order not to meet Often I cross the street in order not to meet someone I know. someone I know. I do not blame a person for taking advantage I do not blame a person for taking advantage of someone who lays himself open to it. of someone who lays himself open to it. I often feel that life is not worth the trouble.I often feel that life is not worth the trouble.2424Before I do something I try to consider how Before I do something I try to consider how my friends will react to it.my friends will react to it.Several people are following me everywhere. Several people are following me everywhere. I seem to hear things that other people I seem to hear things that other people cannot hear.cannot hear.I often was in trouble in school. I often was in
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