Social Learning Social Cognitive Exam Results 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 A B C D E 1 Reciprocal Determinism 2 Humanistic Perspective Based in understanding and acceptance of one s own existence and responsibility Phenomenological reality one s conscious understanding of his her world Person factors cognitive Overt Behavior Environmental influences Situation 3 Abraham Maslow 4 Strengths of Humanistic Theory Focus on the positive fits in with other perspectives Face validity Easily 5 6 1 Weaknesses Biological Approach Lack of concrete treatment approaches Can t help people with severe pathology Inaccurate view of human nature Difficult to test empirically Hard to test Cortical arousal and the Ascending reticular system Introverts versus extroverts Behavioral approach system BAS versus Behavioral inhibition system 7 8 Personality as Adaptation Maybe it s nothing Advantages of being different diversity of offspring occupying alternative niches Family environment sibling contrast birth order differences Gender differences 9 Sex Differences in Personality 10 The Origins of Personality Women are more trustworthy extraverted anxious tendertender minded nurturant minded nurturant Heredity Heredity Men more assertive have slightly higher selfself esteem Unshared biological relatives tend to resemble each other more than adoptive relatives or unrelated persons environment environment aspects of the environment that differ from one person to another 11 12 2 Genetic Influences on Personality Twin Studies Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 50 genetically determined 13 Identical twins are much more alike on Big Five than are fraternal twins 14 Interactionism Where does personality come from 15 CrossCross Cultural Differences in Personality Q Describe yourself briefly Americans elaborate Locus of Control belief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one s own efforts may be internal or external respond confidently and Focus on their unique aspects have an individualistic conception of self Japanese 16 more tentative responses Asian cultures have a collectivist conception of self 17 18 3 INTERNAL EXTERNAL PEOPLE WHO CAN T GET OTHERS TO LIKE THEM DON T KNOW HOW TO RELATE TO OTHERS NO MATTER HOW HARD YOU TRY SOME FOLKS WON T LIKE YOU WE HAVE WARS BECAUSE PEOPLE DON T TAKE AN INTEREST IN POLITICS THERE LL ALWAYS BE WARS NO MATTER WHAT PEOPLE DO A DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN HOW HARD I STUDY AND MY GRADE I DON T UNDERSTAND HOW SOME TEACHERS GIVE GRADES THE AVERAGE PERSON CAN INFLUENCE THE GOVERNMENT NOT MUCH THE LITTLE GUY CAN DO TO CHANGE THINGS SUCCESS IS A MATTER OF HARD WORK SUCCESS IS BEING IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME THERE REALLY IS NO SUCH THING AS LUCK LUCK AND ACCIDENTS CONTROL OUR LIVES 19 20 MMPI Sample Items How to Measure Personality 1 I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting Objective Tests Are people accurate Depression Evil people are trying to influence my mind Paranoia I seem to hear things that other people can t hear Schizophrenia 21 I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my stomach every few days or oftener I am afraid when I look down from a high place Often I cross the street in order not to meet someone I know I do not blame a person for taking advantage of someone who lays himself open to it I often feel that life is not worth the trouble 23 22 Before I do something I try to consider how my friends will react to it Several people are following me everywhere I seem to hear things that other people cannot hear I often was in trouble in school People say insulting and vulgar things about me The future seems hopeless to me I gossip a little at times Once in a while I laugh at a dirty joke 24 4 MMPI Validity Scales 4 scales designed to determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately L scale measures whether people are trying too hard to present self in a positive light I smile at everyone I meet T or F I read every editorial every day T or F 1999 Prentice Hall 25 How to Measure Personality 1 Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Test Objective Tests Are people accurate 2 26 Projective Tests 27 28 Thematic Apperception Test TAT How to Measure Personality Used to measure achievement motivation 1 Objective Tests Are people accurate 2 3 Person is asked to tell a story about the hero in the picture Projective Tests Implicit Personality Tests A projective test 29 30 5 3 Implicit Personality Tests Does personality change over time Emotional Stroop Test Test Some words represent possible sources of concern or anxiety Pauses will occur on words of concern 31 Effects of Age For most of us by age 30 the character has set in plaster and will never soften again William James 1890 After age 30 people are more consistent 32 Consistency of Traits over Time The older a person is the more consistent his or her personality is over time Increased consistency as people age can be observed crosscross culturally Anxiety levels appear to be increasing over the past few generations 33 34 Predictive Value of Traits 35 6
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