PSY 301 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Current LectureI. Humanistic ApproachII. Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsIII. Roger’s Self TheoryIV. Positive PsychologyV. Cognitive TheoriesVI. Key cognitive ConceptsCurrent LectureHumanistic ApproachHumanistic theories of personality emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; goodness and potential for growth.Goal is to understand how a person makes sense of the world1. less deterministic than analytic theories 2. a person’s conscious experiences form the basis for personality3. great emphasis on free will4. stress the creative self within each person, that seeks expression and growth5. goal is to understand how people experience themselves, others & the worldMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow proposed that a hierarchy of needs motivates us as individuals- Beginning with physiological needs, we try to reach the state of self-actualization—fulfilling our potential.Roger’s Self Theory Rogers’ theory of personality is based on the self:Self-concept: an organized body of knowledge about the self which shapes one’s behaviors, perceptions and emotions. Involves personal myths: the personal narrative or stories that provide a person with a sense of direction and meaning1. very resistant to change (even people who verify those concepts)The self-concept contains:1. actual self: 2. ideal self: what the person would like to bea. want selfb. ought selfActual self: an organized pattern of perceived characteristics, along with values attached to those characteristicsa. may not conform to realityIdeal Self: the standards to which we hold ourselvesa. ought self: who we think we should beb. want self: who we think we authentically areTo the extent that the actual and ideal match, a person has a positive self-concept The greater the mismatch, the more negative the self-concept, & the greater the unhappiness1. mismatch actual-ought: anxiety2. mismatch actual-want: depressionPeople also have possible selves: mental representations of the people they might become in the futureThe self-concept results from childhood experiencesa. unconditional positive regardb. conditions of worth Positive PsychologyPrinciples underling the new field of positive psychology1. stresses the role of positive emotions, experiences, and traits2. also focus on character strengths and virtues a. wisdom & knowledge b. courage c. humanitarian concerns d. justice e. temperance f. transcendence The content of self-schemas varies culturally 1. people in individualistic cultures see themselves in terms of broad, stable traits, that apply across situations. 2. people in collectivist cultures view themselves as having traits within situations and social roles; Social-Cognitive Personality TheorySocial cognitive approach: views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to themBegan with the behaviorist (learning theory) approach to personality1. personality work should focus on what people do, not what they feel or experience2. see personality as much more modifiable than other approaches do3. emphasize learning in explaining personality4. personality has specific components which are influenced by consequencesCognitive theories viewed personality as being the result of an interaction between people and their social contextsThe basic principle is reciprocal determinism: personality involves a constant interplay between the world, and the way in which a person processes information about the self and the world1. personality produces cognitive views, which produce feelings & behaviors2. these behavior have results3. the results influence personalityBehavior emerges from an interplay of external and internal influences.Key Social-Cognitive Concepts1. Control: people want control over their lives and benefit from feeling that they have ita. paradox of choice2. Attributional style: a. self-serving bias: attributing our successes to dispositional factors and our failures to situational factorsb. self-handicapping: arranging for an obstacle to performance, so that failure can be attributed to the obstacle instead of one’s own limitationsi. all of this is less likely in collectivist cultures3. Self-control: the ability to pursue a goal while managing internal conflicts about it, or delay pursuing a goal because of other considerations or constraint a. delayed gratification: the ability to wait to obtain something that a person wantsi. depends on how people interpret a situation and on innate qualities4. Outcome expectancies: a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior; combine with goals to produce characteristic style of behaviora. self-efficacy expectations: the belief in how effective a person can be in some area5. Locus of control: a person’s tendency to perceive the control of events as being internal to the self or external in the environmenta. internal locus of control: the person is largely responsible for the things that happen to himb. external locus of control: things that happen to a person are largely determined by factors outside that person’s control 6. Learned helplessness: repeated aversive experiences over which the person has no control leads to the belief that nothing can be done to change such
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