PSY 301 1st EditionExam 3 Study Guide: Lectures: 18 - 21Lectures 18-19 (March 26-28)Learning1. What is associative learning? - a relatively long lasting change in thought or behavior produced by environmental events2. What is conditioning? - Two types of conditioning:1. classical conditioning: learning new connections between stimuli2. operant conditioning: learning new connections between acts and their consequences3. What is learned in classical conditioning? - Two connections between different stimuli4. What is learned in operant conditioning? - To associate and learn something with a consequence5. Who did the original work on classical conditioning?- Pavlov6. What was the structure of Pavlov’s original experiment? - Used dogs- Dogs salivated with the presence of food- Then he began to associate food with a bell- So dogs began to salivate with the sound of the bell eventually7. What is the unconditioned pair? What is the UCS? What is the UCR? - Unconditioned pair is the innate response and recognition of stimulus- Unconditioned stimulus is something that people respond to innately- Unconditioned response is the response that a person gives in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus8. What is the conditioned pair? What is the CS? What is the CR? (Be sure that youunderstand that the CR is originally a neutral stimulus?) - The conditioned pair is the learning portion of the experiment- The conditioned stimulus is the learned stimulus that a person begins to associate with the unconditioned stimulus- The conditioned response is the way someone responds during the conditioned stimulus9. How is a classically conditioned response acquired? - Classical conditioned response is acquired through a lot of repetition- Connection between two different stimuli10. How does higher-order conditioning work? - using a well-established US-CS relationship to produce new conditioning1. The previous US becomes the CS in the new conditioning11. How is a classically conditioned response extinguished? What is spontaneousrecovery? - When there is not enough repetition between the two stimuli- The subject fails to recognize or associate the two stimuli in relation to another12. What is generalization in classical conditioning? - the CR will be made to stimuli that are similar to the CS1. CR is weaker than to the CS2. The more similar the CS and the new stimulus, the stronger the CR3. generalization is progressive13. What is discrimination in classical conditioning? - making the CR to the CS and not to a similar unreinforced stimulus14. What role do expectancies play in classical conditioning? (not responsible for this on the exam) 15. What role do biological predispositions play in classical conditioning?- Biological constraints on learning1. different kinds of animals are biologically prepared to learn different kinds of associations with different degrees of difficulty2. taste aversions: an animals learns to avoid food with a certain taste because it is associated with bad experiences 16. What did Gracia & Koelling find? Why is this important? Garcia study:Part 11.Thirsty rat licks a water tube and 2 things happen: receives sugar water and turns on a light/tone combination2.After drinking, all rats have an aversive experience1. A. half the rats get violently sick2. B. half the rats are shocked through their feetPart 21.Rats are water deprived again2.Allowed to drink in one of 2 situations:A. half drink sugar water, but without a llight/tone soundB. half drink plain water, but with the light/tone soundWhich rats will drink?17. What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning? 1. What is learned• A. classical: the relationship between two stimuli• B. operant: the relationship between a response and an outcome2. How a response is made• A. classical: the response is involuntarily elicited by the stimulus• B. operant: the response is voluntarily selected from a possible set of responses3. The relationship between response and reinforcement• A. classical: reinforcement is independent of the animal’s response • B. operant: reinforcement depends on the animal’s response18. Who developed modern operant conditioning theory?Operant or Instrumental Conditioning: the processes involved in learning the relationship between environmental events and the animal’s voluntary actions• 1. involves a three-term contingency:a. antecedents: cues indicating whether some consequence will occur for a behavior• b. response: the behavior being made• c. consequences: the reaction to the response Lectures 20-21 (April 4-6)Consciousness1.How do modern psychologists define consciousness? - a person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind2. What is cognitive neuroscience?- the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and the body- Brain’s activities may precede conscious activity- Forms of Consciousness- cognitive unconscious: the mental support processes outside of our awareness that make our perception, memory, and thinking possible. - unconscious inference: creates the experience of consciousness3. What is meant by dual-processing? (not responsible for this on the exam)4. What is blindsight and what does it tells us about dual-processing? (not responsible for this on the exam)5. What are some of the advantages of processing outside of conscious awareness? (not responsible for this on the exam)6. What is selective attention? • Selectivity: the capacity to include some objects but not others• Selective attention7. What limits does selective attention place on our behavior? - Unable to focus on the background details8. What is selective inattention? - not seeing an object or a person in our midst. 9. What are inattentional blindness and change blindness? How do they demonstrateselective inattention? - Change blindness: not noticing a change in a situation we are involved in- Two-thirds of the people giving directions failed to notice a change in the person asking fordirections10. What is a circadian rhythm? - Sleep and waking are controlled by circadian rhythms- Circadian rhythm: a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle- Circadian rhythm: a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle that controls many biological processes, including sleep and waking- 1. Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease- melatonin from the pineal gland; the absence of light increases melatonin at
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