PSY 301 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 18 21 Lectures 18 19 March 26 28 Learning 1 What is associative learning a relatively long lasting change in thought or behavior produced by environmental events 2 What is conditioning Two types of conditioning 1 classical conditioning learning new connections between stimuli 2 operant conditioning learning new connections between acts and their consequences 3 What is learned in classical conditioning Two connections between different stimuli 4 What is learned in operant conditioning To associate and learn something with a consequence 5 Who did the original work on classical conditioning Pavlov 6 7 What was the structure of Pavlov s original experiment Used dogs Dogs salivated with the presence of food Then he began to associate food with a bell So dogs began to salivate with the sound of the bell eventually What is the unconditioned pair What is the UCS What is the UCR Unconditioned pair is the innate response and recognition of stimulus Unconditioned stimulus is something that people respond to innately Unconditioned response is the response that a person gives in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus 8 What is the conditioned pair What is the CS What is the CR Be sure that you understand that the CR is originally a neutral stimulus The conditioned pair is the learning portion of the experiment The conditioned stimulus is the learned stimulus that a person begins to associate with the unconditioned stimulus The conditioned response is the way someone responds during the conditioned stimulus 9 How is a classically conditioned response acquired Classical conditioned response is acquired through a lot of repetition Connection between two different stimuli 10 How does higher order conditioning work using a well established US CS relationship to produce new conditioning 1 The previous US becomes the CS in the new conditioning 11 How is a classically conditioned response extinguished What is spontaneous recovery When there is not enough repetition between the two stimuli The subject fails to recognize or associate the two stimuli in relation to another 12 What is generalization in classical conditioning the CR will be made to stimuli that are similar to the CS 1 CR is weaker than to the CS 2 The more similar the CS and the new stimulus the 3 generalization is progressive stronger the CR 13 What is discrimination in classical conditioning making the CR to the CS and not to a similar unreinforced stimulus 14 What role do expectancies play in classical conditioning not responsible for this on the exam 15 What role do biological predispositions play in classical conditioning Biological constraints on learning 1 different kinds of animals are biologically prepared to learn different kinds of associations with different degrees of difficulty 2 taste aversions an animals learns to avoid food with a certain taste because it is associated with bad experiences 16 What did Gracia Koelling find Why is this important Garcia study Part 1 1 Thirsty rat licks a water tube and 2 things happen receives sugar water and turns on a light tone combination 2 After drinking all rats have an aversive experience 1 A half the rats get violently sick 2 B half the rats are shocked through their feet Part 2 1 Rats are water deprived again 2 Allowed to drink in one of 2 situations A half drink sugar water but without a llight tone sound B half drink plain water but with the Which rats will drink light tone sound 17 What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning 1 What is learned A classical the relationship between two stimuli B operant the relationship between a response and an outcome 2 How a response is made A classical the response is involuntarily elicited by the stimulus B operant the response is voluntarily selected from a possible set of responses 3 The relationship between response and reinforcement A classical reinforcement is independent of the animal s response B operant reinforcement depends on the animal s response 18 Who developed modern operant conditioning theory Operant or Instrumental Conditioning the processes involved in learning the relationship between environmental events and the animal s voluntary actions 1 involves a three term contingency a antecedents cues indicating whether some consequence will occur for a behavior b response the behavior being made c consequences the reaction to the response Lectures 20 21 April 4 6 Consciousness 1 How do modern psychologists define consciousness a person s subjective experience of the world and the mind 2 What is cognitive neuroscience the issue of how the mind is related to the brain and the body Brain s activities may precede conscious activity Forms of Consciousness cognitive unconscious the mental support processes outside of our awareness that make our perception memory and thinking possible unconscious inference creates the experience of consciousness 3 What is meant by dual processing not responsible for this on the exam 4 What is blindsight and what does it tells us about dual processing not responsible for this on the exam 5 What are some of the advantages of processing outside of conscious awareness not responsible for this on the exam 6 What is selective attention Selectivity the capacity to include some objects but not others Selective attention 7 What limits does selective attention place on our behavior Unable to focus on the background details 8 What is selective inattention not seeing an object or a person in our midst 9 What are inattentional blindness and change blindness How do they demonstrate selective inattention Change blindness not noticing a change in a situation we are involved in Two thirds of the people giving directions failed to notice a change in the person asking for directions 10 What is a circadian rhythm Sleep and waking are controlled by circadian rhythms Circadian rhythm a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle Circadian rhythm a naturally occurring 24 hour cycle that controls many biological processes including sleep and waking 1 Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease melatonin from the pineal gland the absence of light increases melatonin at nightfall 11 What is the sleep cycle Measuring sleep About every 90 minutes we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages EEG patterns during the stages of sleep Stages of sleep across the night Sleep Cycle Initial 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 REM 2 3 4 3 2 1 REM After 4 hours 2 3 2 1 REM 2
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