PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 201. James-Lange Theory2. Cannon-Bard Theory3. Schacter-Singer two-factor theorySlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30What are Emotions?The 10 Basic Emotions:Biopsychology of Emotion:Slide 34Biology & Emotion:Interesting Facts:Yerkes-Dodson Curve:More Cool Facts:HealthStressGeneral Adaptation SyndromeCortisol: The Stress HormoneSlide 43Stress and HealthHow to Cope with Stress: Boosting Your Immune SystemEat for ImmunityThe Importance of TouchSlide 48Slide 49Touching and Psychological HealthMassage TherapyWhy Massage Therapy WorksWhat to focus on from Chapter 10Slide 54EmotionsandHealthEMOTIONSDistinct Emotions Approach: 10+ Basic emotionsJoy, Interest/excitement, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Fear, Shame, GuiltYou arrive home late, tired and slightly irritated after a hard day of work. You flip on the lights in your bathroom and glance downward at your green toothbrush. There, nestled in the slightly frayed bristles, lies a cockroach, reluctant to move, the insect waves its feelers at youDisgustHighly adaptive, often food-relatedMarked by aversion towards something distastefulEnsures people select & reject appropriate foodFacial expression:* wrinkling nose* gaping expressionBut psychology of disgust extends beyond role in food recognition => model for acquisition of valuesWould you use toothbrush again?….even if it was dropped into boiling water & sterilized?Paul RozinThirsty subjects would not drink glass of juice with sterilized cockroach in itBut some people even refused to drink other juice poured into a different glass after witnessing this.“Sympathetic magic”People believe that when two objects come into contact they acquire like propertiesFundamental, universal process(although some disgust elicitors are cultural)ContagionNot a conscious, rational processesDog Soup(Korea)Disgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories1. Core disgust elicitorsObjects potentially capable of contaminating foodsRoaches, flies, fecesDisgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories2. Animal-reminder disgust elicitorsReminders of animal origins=> threatens sense of mortality“Terror Management Theory”E.g., death, poor hygiene, bizarre forms of sexual behaviorDisgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories3. Sociomoral disgustEmotional reaction due to moral senseE.g., rape, violence, murderDisgust Elicitors: 4 broad categories4. Interpersonal disgustFrom contact with someone of unsavory originsE.g., would you wear sweatshirt that had been worn by serial murder Jeffrey DahmerCaste system, in India: 3,500-yr-old system based on degrees of dirt and disgust. Untouchables perform most disgusting tasks (gravediggers, street sweepers)Higher castes reluctant to eat food handled by lower casteFearAdaptive responseWhy so many fears?* can learn to fear almost anything* e.g., cars, flying, failure, miceFearSusan Mineka: Learning by observation•Wild monkeys afraid of snakes• lab monkeys NOT afraid of snakesWild-rearedLab-rearedFearPredisposed to some fears* Snakes, spiders, cliffs* But NOT cars, electricity, bombsComponents of emotionsE.g., Happiness (experience) associated with decrease in heart rate (decreased arousal)smileE.g., Fear (experience) associated with increased heart rate (among other things)wide eyes, clenched teeth, etc.But…what comes first?Do we smile because we are happy or are we happy because we smile?Three theories of emotion provide different answers….All agree that emotions related to autonomic nervous system & body in general1. James-Lange TheoryFear(emotion)Poundingheart(arousal)Sight of oncomingcar(perception ofstimulus)Interpretation of event evokes autonomic changes in body=>emotion arises from perception of these changes * contrasts with common sense view! * e.g,. We decide we are sad because we cry, smiling makes us happy Different patterns of autonomic response elicit different emotions (e.g., “butterflies” & anxiety) But is this plausible?2. Cannon-Bard TheorySight of oncomingcar(perception ofstimulus)Poundingheart(arousal)Fear(emotion)•Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:–physiological responses –subjective & cognitive aspects of emotion3. Schacter-Singer two-factor theory- subjects not warned about physiological arousal attributed it to either euphoria or anger- subjects in either:o euphoria conditon (playful confederate)o anger condition (insulting questionnaire)“which member of your immediate family does not bathe or wash regularly”“with how many men (other than your father) has your mother had extramarital relationships? 4 or fewer, 5-9, 10 or more”- subjects told either:o would have physiological effecto would not have physiological effect injected student volunteers with hormone epinephrine (mimics effects of arousal for 20-30 mins.)Schacter-Singer Experiment3. Schacter-Singer two-factor theorySituation determines cognitive appraisal, which determines the emotionPhysiological arousal determines intensity of emotionDutton & Aron, 1974“Misattribution of arousal”Condition 1: High bridge Condition 2: Low bridgeImplications for horror movies, amusement-park rides, etc.39% called woman9% called womanFacial Feedback Theory (Ekman)Subjects directed to pose expressionsSensory feedback from the expression contributes to the emotional feelingFacial expressions effect self-reported anger and happinessFacial expressions affect the rest of the bodyWhat are Emotions?•What are emotions?–A motivated state consisting of•Physiological arousal•Expressive behaviors•Cognitive/Conscious Experience•Nature and Nurture side:–Everyone has emotions Nature side–Culture affects how we express them Nurture sideThe 10 Basic Emotions:•Joy•Surprise•Anger•Contempt•Shame•Interest – Excitement•Sadness•Disgust•Fear•GuiltBiopsychology of Emotion:•The Brain: Key Areas–Limbic System•Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, Mating–Important Parts:•Hypothalamus – Changes in breathing/heart rate during “fight-or-flight”•Amygdala – Fear and Rage•Septum – Thin membrane in center of ventricle–Suppresses negative emotional states (e.g., fear)–Also: Frontal Lobe – “brake system” for amygdalaBiology & Emotion:•With Arousal:–Autonomic NS kicks in and –Sympathetic NS activated–Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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