Sensation Perception Lecture 6 2 09 04 Scent of a Woman Does smell really signify attractiveness From Scentsational Sex The Secret to Using Aroma for Arousal 1998 PPL are powerfully influenced no by manly sweet or earthy colognes but by odd mixtures of everyday odors pumpkin pie and lavender for men or licorice candy mixed with cucumber for women Sniffing out the truth Love Scent com Lovescent is greatly supported because of the message boards discussion groups money back guarantee and testimonials The chatting forum gives you a real account on which pheromones products to buy and how to mix pheromones to get the results you want If you think you have too many choices of androstenone concentrate products just go to the message boards to see how to mix pheromones or see which of the human pheromones are best for you For the record Alter Ego is one of the best pheromone products of all human pheromones pheromones on the internet How does physical energy become a psychological experience Sensation Sensory receptors in eyes ears nose absorb raw physical energy Transduction Raw energy converted to neural signals to be sent to brain Perception Signals selected organized interpreted Example Vision Sunset Sensory receptors in eyes Neural impulses Chemical rxn of light sensitive cells Brain occipital lobe Importance of Smell Past used sweat brain urine odor to diagnose illness Today Aromatherapy inhalation of odors to ward off illness Dogs have 200 million olfactory receptors we have only 10 million Dogs mark territory signal danger establish dominance attract mates track down animals criminals drugs disease Can our behavior influenced by odor How our nose knows 1 Breathe through nose and mouth to inhale airborne oderant molecules 2 Molecules dissolved and trapped by olfactory receptors 3 Like lock key AP activated in olfactory bulb 4 Info DIRECTLY distributed throughout cortex limbic system What do I smell how do I feel about that smell have I smelled that before Awareness Olfactory System Individuals differ in smelling sensitivity We can distinguish among 10 000 different odor molecules Primary odors are vinegar rose mint rotten egg mothballs dry cleaning fluid musk Women men in ID ing different smells Some are anosmic Ben Cohen Age Nursing infants 2wks prefer their own mother s body odor to others Olfactory sensitivity peaks in middle age and declines in 70 s 80 s Based on National Geographic scratch n sniff recognition test How early Expose fetal rat pups to lemon scent Nursing preference Place preference task Mate preference How sensitive to scent are we Sniffing Studies College students can ID own shirts Mothers can pick out children s Most can ID Men vs women Women can sniff attractive men Pheromones Chemicals secreted by animals of same species to transmit signals Dogs in heat E g male Emperor Moth Chemoreceptors on antennae can detect scent of virgin female 6 miles away 4 categories of behavior affected by Pheromones 1 Mother Infant Interaction 2 Territorial Marking 3 Reproductive Synchrony 4 Sexual Attraction if you had to smell it all the time 49 unmarried women Chose smell of genetically similar men to fathers Women who had pheromone added to perfume reported 50 increase in sexual attention from men Sexual intercourse kissing heavy petting affection slept closer Fragrance enhanced performance Yale Chocolate Study 1991 LEARNING RETEST Odor No Odor 21 14 13 14 Odor No Odor Fragrance Arousal Write description of personality Exchange with partner Rate partner Exchange Angry vs Nonangry Aggression Machine Jungle gardenia vs no scent Fragrance enhances aggression NO SCENT PERFUME NOT ANGRY 3 2 ANGRY 3 4 Organization and interpretation of visual information How well do our senses sense Experience is subjective The same visual input can result in radically different perceptions Psychophysics Relationship between physical stimulation AND subjective sensations Signal Detection Theory Detection based on signal AND response criterion Perceptual Set Center figure depends on the order in which one looks at the figures If scanned from the left man s face If scanned from the right a woman s figure Perceptual Set Letter B or Number 13 Gestalt Principles Applied 1 Figure Ground Dividing visual displays into the THING being looked at and the BACKGROUND against which it stands THING has substance stands in front of ground Fundamental Attribution Error Discounting the situation attributing behavior to dispositions Why did she litter And you Gestalt Laws of Grouping We tend to group collections of shapes sizes colors and other features into perceptual wholes Proximity Seeing 3 pair of lines in A Similarity Seeing columns of orange and red dots in B Continuity Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C Closure Seeing a horse in D Stereotypes Generalizations about groups with identical characteristics We tend to see members of stereotyped groups as more similar to stereotype than they actually are Cliques sports teams majors Greek life Read description of b ball player White men can t jump 1997 Closure The Zeingarnik Effect Tendency to remember an uncompleted task rather than a completed one Unfinished business creates psychic tension Tension motivates us to seek closure by completing the task Highly adept yet often fooled S B Blind until 52 Corneal Transplant performed sight restored Looked out hospital window Small objects below Climbed out on 4th floor ledge to check them out by lowering himself with hands No depth perception The Visual Cliff Eleanor Gibson Richard Walk 1960 Visual illusion of a cliff At which point in dvlptl process can humans perceive depth Nativist vs empiricist perspective Procedure 36 infants 6 14 months Placed on shallow side Mothers called from deep side also chicks turtles rats lambs kids pigs kittens Results ALL p s crawled when called from shallow side ONLY 3 crept across cliff Animal abilities varied by when skill was needed for survival Chicks less than 24hrs made no mistakes Rats showed no preference Binocular Cues to Depth The M ller Lyer Illusion Perceived length of line altered by position of other lines enclosing it The Ponzo Illusion Illusion in which the perceived line length is affected by linear perspective cues Side lines seem to converge Top line seems farther away But the retinal images of the red lines are equal
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