Introduction to PsychologyExperimentSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Effects of Facial ExpressionsSlide 14FunctionBasic EmotionsSlide 17Physiology of EmotionWhat comes first: emotion or cognition?Theories of EmotionSlide 21Excitation-TransferZillman (1978)Dutton & Aron (1974)AngerHappinessStressThe Coping ResponseSlide 29Slide 30Perceived ControlOptimism-PessimismStress and the heartStress and the Immune SystemOther stuffIntroduction to PsychologyClass 15: EmotionMyers: 379 - 424 July 12, 2006ExperimentRate the following pictures on funniness using the following scale: 1 2 3 4 5Make sure your pencils are in place …Not funny at allVery funnyEffects of Facial ExpressionsStrack et al (1988)Artificial smiling vs. frowning (what we just did) caused differential ratings of funniness of cartoons Vaugh & Lanzetta (1981) Participants who were told to grimace along as they watched someone being shocked showed more arousal than the control groupDefinition “Heart pounding, I ran faster and faster, fearing death, but somehow hoping I wasn’t going to die.”A response of an organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and usually conscious experienceFunctionPreparing for actionShaping future behaviorHelping us interact more effectively with othersBasic EmotionsPositive NegativeLove Joy Anger Sadness FearFondnessInfatuationBlissContentmentPrideAnnoyanceHostilityContemptJealousyAgonyGriefLonelinessGuiltHorrorWorrySchadenfreude (German)Hagaii (Japanese)Physiology of EmotionWhat comes first: emotion or cognition?Emotion Robert ZajoncCognition Richard LazarusTheories of EmotionJames Lange Theory Cannon-Bard TheorySchachter’s Two-Factor TheoryExcitation-TransferHigh state of arousal is transferred or misattributed to an unrelated situation Also called the Spillover EffectIntense ArousalContext AContext BZillman (1978) Participants were brought in to a labMade to exercise intensely (or not)Then they were either insulted (or not)Finally they were given the chance to be aggressive towards someone in a gameAROUSALHi LoINSULTNo YesParticipants walked on a footbridge high up or on a solid bridge closer to the groundAttractive experimenter (confederate) met male subjects atop the bridge They were told that the experiment was about the “effect of scenery on creativity”Thos on the first bridge were more attracted to the confederate, and reported more sexual imageryDutton & Aron (1974)AngerCatharsis is emotional release (real or fantasy) of aggressive energy and is believed to lead to relief from aggressive urgesDoes catharsis help?Positives - Temporarily- Slightly Negatives - It tends to breed more anger- Could be habit-formingHappinessSubjective wellbeingAdaptation-level principleRelative-deprivation principleOther variables of interest- Positive: high self esteem (cultural), optimism, helping others, extraversion, close relationships, passion for your work, spirituality, healthy lifestyle, time management, acting happy - Unrelated: age, gender, education, looks - The role of money Feel-good do-good phenomenonApply theories of emotion to see whyStressThe process by which we perceive and respond to events that we appraise as threatening or challengingHow do we cope?Is the stress acute or chronic?The Coping ResponseFight or flight Walter Cannon (1929)Helpful but not applicable to all stressorsGeneral Adaptive SyndromeHans Selye (1936-76)Three stages of stress responseAlarm, resistance, exhaustionPerceived ControlRats were shocked for long periods at a timeOne set of rats could turn a wheel to stop shocks, the other set could notThe second set of rats had more ulcers and a weaker immune responseAlso, remember Pavlov’s dogs!Optimism-Pessimism“Are you hopeful about the future?”~2500 middle-aged Finnish men5 years later“No” 30% had died“Yes” 11% had diedEffect replicated with 180 Catholic nunsSimilar effects on surviving cancer“Unrealistic” optimismStress and the heartFriedman & Rosenman (1984)3000 healthy men aged 35-5915-min interview about work and eating habits during which they were observedSigns: reactive, competitive, impatient, super-motivated, verbally aggressive, easily angered vs. mellow, laidback, gentle, soft-spoken“257 had heart attacks; 69% of those were “Type A”; not even one was a pure “Type B”Stress and the Immune SystemB lymphocytes- WBCs that form in the bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacteriaT lympohcytes- WBCs that form in the thymus and attach cancer cells, viruses, foreign substancesStress linked with immunity- Surgical wounds heal faster during vacationing dental students- Implanting colds “worked” in 50% of stressed but only 30% of stress-freeOther stuffNon-verbal communicationEmotion and cultureThe effect of social support and religiosity on
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