Introduction to Psychology Class 15 Emotion Myers 379 424 July 12 2006 Experiment Rate the following pictures on funniness using the following scale 1 2 3 Not funny at all 4 5 Very funny Make sure your pencils are in place Effects of Facial Expressions Strack et al 1988 Artificial smiling vs frowning what we just did caused differential ratings of funniness of cartoons Vaugh Lanzetta 1981 Participants who were told to grimace along as they watched someone being shocked showed more arousal than the control group Definition Heart pounding I ran faster and faster fearing death but somehow hoping I wasn t going to die A response of an organism involving physiological arousal expressive behaviors and usually conscious experience Function Preparing for action Shaping future behavior Helping us interact more effectively with others Basic Emotions Positive Love Fondness Negative Joy Anger Bliss Annoyance Agony Horror Hostility Grief Worry Contempt Loneliness Jealousy Guilt Infatuation Contentment Pride Sadness Schadenfreude German Hagaii Japanese Fear Physiology of Emotion What comes first emotion or cognition Emotion Robert Zajonc Cognition Richard Lazarus Theories of Emotion James Lange Theory Cannon Bard Theory Schachter s Two Factor Theory Excitation Transfer High state of arousal is transferred or misattributed to an unrelated situation Also called the Spillover Effect Context A Intense Arousal Context B Zillman 1978 Participants were Yes Hi No AROUSAL INSULT brought in to a lab Made to exercise intensely or not Then they were either insulted or not Finally they were given the chance to be aggressive towards someone in a game Lo Dutton Aron 1974 Participants walked on a footbridge high up or on a solid bridge closer to the ground Attractive experimenter confederate met male subjects atop the bridge They were told that the experiment was about the effect of scenery on creativity Thos on the first bridge were more attracted to the confederate and reported more sexual imagery Anger Catharsis is emotional release real or fantasy of aggressive energy and is believed to lead to relief from aggressive urges Does catharsis help Positives Temporarily Slightly Negatives It tends to breed more anger Could be habit forming Happiness Subjective wellbeing Adaptation level principle Relative deprivation principle Other variables of interest Feel good do good phenomenon Positive high self esteem cultural optimism helping others extraversion close relationships passion for your work spirituality healthy lifestyle time management acting happy Unrelated age gender education looks The role of money Apply theories of emotion to see why Stress The process by which we perceive and respond to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging How do we cope Is the stress acute or chronic The Coping Response Fight or flight Walter Cannon 1929 Helpful but not applicable to all stressors General Adaptive Syndrome Hans Selye 1936 76 Three stages of stress response Alarm resistance exhaustion Perceived Control Rats were shocked for long periods at a time One set of rats could turn a wheel to stop shocks the other set could not The second set of rats had more ulcers and a weaker immune response Also remember Pavlov s dogs Optimism Pessimism Are you hopeful about the future 2500 middle aged Finnish men 5 years later No 30 had died Yes 11 had died Effect replicated with 180 Catholic nuns Similar effects on surviving cancer Unrealistic optimism Stress and the heart Friedman Rosenman 1984 3000 healthy men aged 35 59 15 min interview about work and eating habits during which they were observed Signs reactive competitive impatient supermotivated verbally aggressive easily angered vs mellow laidback gentle soft spoken 257 had heart attacks 69 of those were Type A not even one was a pure Type B Stress and the Immune System B lymphocytes WBCs that form in the bone marrow and release antibodies to fight bacteria T lympohcytes WBCs that form in the thymus and attach cancer cells viruses foreign substances Stress linked with immunity Surgical wounds heal faster during vacationing dental students Implanting colds worked in 50 of stressed but only 30 of stress free Other stuff Non verbal communication Emotion and culture The effect of social support and religiosity on health
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