Study Guide for Optional Final Exam CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1 Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a The cell body a Soma b Dendrites The branches that stick out of the soma They receive neuron information c Axon lengths insulate temperature Schwann cells make myelin in the PNS and Oligodendrocytes make it in the CNS The end of an axon hold neurotransmitters d Terminal Buttons e Myelin Sheath Long tail that sends information in an electrical signal Vary in Fatty protein that is put onto neurons by glial cells They 2 How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other a Motor neurons are multipolar and sensory neurons are unipolar b Motor neurons live inside the spinal cord whereas sensory neurons live just outside the spinal cord c Motor neurons control movements sensory neurons control touch d Sensory is afferent motor is efferent 3 What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Are there other a Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the CNS and Schwann make it in the types of glial cells PNS b Other types of glial cells i ii Take up ions released by axons and release them Astrocytes back to axons Help synchronize activity of axons Radial Glia development microorganisms guide migration of neurons during embryonic iii Microglia Removes waste material as well as viruses and other GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN 4 What where is the blood brain barrier a The blood brain barrier is the mechanisms that excludes most chemicals from the vertebrae brain b Keeps things out lets in water through protein channels c d Around your brain Implications Keeps out man medications 5 What is gray matter White matter a Gray matter and branching dendrites mainly of nerve fibers in their myelin sheath b White matter 6 What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain The darker tissue of the brain consisting of nerve cell bodies The paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord consisting a Forebrain b Midbrain c Hindbrain Hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia etc Top portion of the brain bottom of brainstem Pons medulla and cerebellum 7 For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum Also know hippocampus and amygdala although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures Reflexes such as heartbeat and breathing Auditory and visual stimuli Descending pain control Relay station filter for sensory information Operator please She never told us a Medulla b Pons c Midbrain d Thalamus hold e Pituitary gland f Hippocampus g Corpus callosum h Amygdala emotions Memory takes orders from hypothalamus connects left and right sides of the brain 8 Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there a General function Sensory and motor for face and head b 12 cranial nerves c Most enter exit the ventral surface of the brainstem d Sensory and motor for head and face e f Some have autonomic component pupil donstriction tearing salivating Important in neurological exams cardiocascular functions 9 We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each a Limbic system amygdala and hippocampus memory and emotional expression b Basal ganglia several interconnected structures most importantly Facilitate or inhibit cortical activity motor control and 10 Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex a 2 Hemispheres b 4 lobes i Frontal 1 Prefrontal Cortex executive functions a Planning b Working memory c Socially appropriate behavior d Foresight e f g Association cortex Insight Impulse control 2 Contains motor cortex and Prefrontal cortex 3 Motor cortex a Voluntary movement b Somatotopic organization 4 Language Broca s area ii Paritetal 1 Somatosensory Cortex a First cortex to process somatosensory touch temperature pain info i Proprioception too body sense Where the limbs are in space 2 Somatotopic organization homunculus again a Parts of the bodies that feel more get more space on the sensory cortex 3 Spatial organization understanding where I am to the rest of the world a Especially in non dominant hemisphere side where language is not or is less b Contralateral neglect c Can occur in people that have damage to the d parietal lobe Ignore the other side of their world If damage is in the right side they do not see the left side of their world 4 Where pathway for visual info visual information from occipital lobe comes in and it is the job of the parietal lobe to interpret WHERE the visual stimulus is iii Temporal 1 Auditory cortex 2 Spoken language comprehension a Wernicke s Area 3 Visual association cortex a Face recognition what pathway signals to the temporal lobe to explain WHAT something is i i e a bird song means a bird 4 A tumor in temporal lobe can lead to elaborate visual or auditory hallucinations iv Occipital Lobe 1 Vision 2 Primary and secondary visual cortex 3 Damage causes cortical blindness 11 What are ventricles a Contain cerebrospinal fluid CFS b CSF is made in walls of ventricles c CSF then circulates around the brain d CSF finally reabsorbed into blood vessels so continuous turnover e Protective f Reservoir for hormones nutrients 12 What where are the meninges a 3 layers b Stabilize and protect the CNS i ii iii Dura mater Arachnoid Pia matter i Mechanical ii iii Cushions the brain a Dorsal Horn b Ventral horn c Central canal d Dorsal root ganglion 14 Know the Bell Magendie law CSF cerebrospinal fluid within meninges b t arachnoid and pia for buoyancy SPINAL CORD AND PNS 13 Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure a Bell Magendie law one of the first discoveries about the functions of the nervous system the entering dorsal roots axon bundles carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information 15 Generally speaking what is a reflex a An involuntary stereotyped response to a sensory input 16 What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS a CNS b PNS Brain and spinal cord Nerves and ganglion outside the brain and spinal
View Full Document
Unlocking...