Study Guide for PSB2000 06 Exam 2 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section The study hints listed here by chapter should help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 4 Study Hints b PNS 1 Understand the breakdown of Central CNS vs Peripheral Nervous System PNS and the sub areas for PNS including the somatic nervous system motor for voluntary muscles and sensory and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles such as the heart intestines and other organs Figure 4 1 is good for reviewing this material a CNS myelinated by oligodendricites brain and spinal cord i Somatic NS has nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS and transmit messages for motor movements from the CNS to the body ii Autonomic NS sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body heart rate blood pressure respiration digestion etc The autonomic nervous system breaks down further into the sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic vegetative systems 1 c 2 What is the difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord Where are each found and why a The H shape is the grey matter and it is made up of cell bodies and dendrites and it is where communication occurs Located in the center of the spinal cord White matter consists of tracks of axons and they are fatty Carries information from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord Each segment send sensory information to the brain and receives motor commands 3 What is the Bell Magendie law Need to understand dorsal ventral orientation for this Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 3 a Sensory nerves information goes in through the back dorsal and motor nerves come out in the front Be able to label diagram for exam 2 b 4 What do our cranial nerves do for us in general To help out some I won t require you to be able to identify I XII on an diagram but you should be able to answer general questions about the names of the cranial nerves and whether they are for sensory or motor or both The major functions of each are in Table 4 4 or you can use the table with the mnemonics I provided in my PPT a Crainial nerves allow the hindbrain to control sensations from the head muscle movements in the head and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs b Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good Vegas slot handles c Some say marry money but my brothers says bad boys marry money 5 Know the 3 main areas of the hindbrain medulla pons and the little brain cerebellum What are the main functions of the cerebellum The hindbrain contains the reticular formation and the raphe system Know the importance of these a Hindbrain bottom of brainstem cerebellum i Motor control reflexes breathing heart rate etc ii Reticular formation descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord Ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention iii Raphe system also sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to stimuli 3 iv Cerebellum many deep folds helps regulate movement balance and coordination and important for shifting between auditory and visual stimuli b Midbrain top of brainstem i Sensory pathways c Forebrain cortex limbic system etc i Thinking perceiving big part of emotion 6 There are 5 areas associated with the midbrain tectum superior and inferior colliculus tegmentum and the substantia nigra What is the main function of the two colliculi Sensory processing What is the substantia nigra important for a Tectum roof of the midbrain b Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information c Tegmentum the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation d Substantia nigra gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement 7 We discussed 7 subcortical regions of the forebrain Know the major function of each Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Basal Ganglia consists of the caudate putamen and globus pallidus Basal Forebrain nucleus basalis and Hippocampus Example I say hippocampus you say memory etc a Limbic system emotion b Thalamus relay station c Hypothalamus hormones d Pituitary gland produces hormones e Basal ganglia motor movement aspects of memory emotional expression and language f Basal forebrain arousal wakefulness and attention g Hippocampus memory 4 8 Ventricles are cerebrospinal fluid CSF filled cavities within the CNS and meninges are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord What are the main functions of the ventricles and meninges a The ventricles are four fluid filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid b Cerebrospinal fluid is clear and found in the brain and spinal cord i Provides cushioning for the brain ii Reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord c Meninges are membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord 9 What are the 4 cerebral lobes and what is are the MAJOR function s of each As noted above be able to identify them on a diagram Pay particular attention to the following image which might appear on the exam Figure 4 23 a Occipital lobe vision b Temporal lobe language comprehension hearing c Parietal lobe sensing integrating d Frontal lobe executive decision making thinking e 10 Figures 4 21 and 4 22 demonstrates the column and laminae organization of the cerebral cortex It would be good to understand this organization a Organization of the cerebral cortex i 2 hemispheres 5 ii Contains up to 6 distinct laminae layers that are parallel to the surface cortex iii Cells of the cortex are divided into columns that lie perpendicular to the laminae iv Divided into the 4 lobed 11 Know the specific importance of the motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex Figure 4 24 demonstrates the homunculus little man or the organization of the motor and somatosensory cortex Know that each location in the somatosensory cortex represents sensation from a different part of the contralateral body and each location in the motor cortex regulates movement of a different part of the contralateral body a lobotomies 12 What are the important functions of the prefrontal cortex a Prefrontal cortex planning working memory socially appropriate behavior delayed response task 13 While you
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