Study Guide for PSB2000 Exam 2 Chapter 4 Key Terms 4 1 Autonomic nervous system sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body heart rate blood pressure respiration digestion etc includes sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system Basal ganglia comprised of the caudate nucleus the putamen and the globus pallidus associated w planning of motor movement aspects of memory and emotional expression also important in attention language and other cognitive functions around the thalamus Bell Magendie law one of the first discoveries about the functions of nervous system entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and exiting ventral roots carry motor information Brainstem consists of medulla and pons the midbrain and certain central structures of the forebrain Central canal a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord Central nervous system CNS consists of 1 Brain and 2 Spinal Cord Cerebellum located in hindbrain helps regulate motor movement balance and coordination also important for shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli Cerebrospinal fluid CSF a clear fluid in the brain and spinal cord provides cushioning for the brain reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord Cranial nerves allow the hindbrain to control sensastions from the head muscle movements in the head and many parasympathetic outputs to the organs Dorsal Toward the back away from the stomach ventral side The top of the brain is considered dorsal because it has that position in four legged animals Dorsal root ganglia The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord Forebrain the most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of two cerebral hemispheres Consists of the outer cortex and subcortical regions Gray matter located in the center of the spinal cord and is densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites H shaped Hindbrain bottom of brainstem cerebellum motor control reflexes breathing heart rate Hippocampus a large structure located between the thalamus and cerebral cortex toward the posterior portion of the forebrain critical for memory Hypothalamus communicates w pituitary gland to alter hormone release Involved in feeding drinking temp regulation sexual behavior arousal Inferior colliculus located on the side of the tectum important for hearing and other sensory processing Limbic system consists of a number of other interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem associated with motivation emotion drives and aggression Medulla Located just above the spinal cord and could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord Meninges membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord Midbrain top of brainstem sensory pathways Neuroanatomy the anatomy of the nervous system refers to the study of the various parts of the nervous system and their respective functions Nucleus basalis Within the basal forebrain Receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia sends axons that release acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex Key part of the brains system for arousal wakefulness and attention Parasympathetic nervous system PNS facilities nonemergency responses decreases functions that are increased by the sympathetic nervous system comprised of preganglion axons extending from the spinal cord and short postganglionic fibers that attach to the organs themselves dominant during our relaxed states mostly releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter Pituitary gland Endocrine gland horomone producing attached to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk makes and releases hormones into bloodstream Pons Lie on each side of the medulla ventral and anterior works in conjunction to increase arousal and readiness of other parts of the brain Raphe system also sends axons to much of the forebrain modifying the brain s readiness to respond to stimuli Reticular formation 1 Descending portion is one of several brain areas that control the motor areas of the spinal cord 2 Ascending portion sends output to much of the cerebral cortex selectively increasing arousal and attention Somatic nervous system has nerves that convey sensory information to the CNS and that transmit messages for motor movement from the CNS to the body Spinal cord part of the CNS found within the spinal column Substantia nigra MIDBRAIN gives rise to the dopamine containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement Superior colliculus MIDBRAIN located on each side of the tectum and processes sensory information Sympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that prepares the organs for rigorous activity increases heart rate blood pressure respiration mainly uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter comprised of ganglia on either side of the spinal cord Tectum MIDBRAIN roof of the midbrain Tegmentum MIDBRAIN the intermediate level of the midbrain containing nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation Thalamus Filter for sensory info on its way to other areas involved in many other systems Ventral Toward the stomach away from the back dorsal side Ventricles four fluid filled cavities within the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid White matter composed mostly of myelinated axons that carry information from the gray matter to the brain or other areas of the spinal cord 4 2 Anterior commissure one of the bundles of axons responsible for communicating info to the other hemisphere of the brain Binding Problem refers to how the visual auditory and other areas of the brain produce a perception of a single object Perhaps the brain binds activity in different areas when they produce synchronous waves of activity Central Sulcus one of the deepest grooves in the surface of the cortex Cerebral Cortex The most prominent part of the mammalian brain and consists of the cellular layers on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres Divided into two halves Joined by two bundles of axons called the corpus callosum and anterior commissure Divided into 4 lobes occipital parietal temporal and frontal Columns lie perpendicular to the laminae containing cells of the cortex Corpus callosum the other bundle of axons responsible for communicating info to the other brain hemisphere Delayed response task response after a delay when the prefrontal cortex is damaged Frontal lobe Thinking Prefrontal cortex planning memory socially appropriate behavior delayed response task Primary motor cortex Kluver
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