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Study Guide for PSB2000 06 Exam 3 Vision Audition Mechanical Senses Chemical Senses and Movement It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 6 Study Hints 1 What is the law of specific nerve energies a Law of specific nerve energies states that activity by a particular nerve always conveys the same type of information to the brain An example would be impulses in one neuron indicating light and impulses in another neuron indicating sound 2 Know the anatomy of the eye What are the functions of the labeled parts in the image included here 3 a Pupil hole in the center of the eye where light passes through Size dilated or constricted determined how much light can pass through b Iris circular band of muscles that controls the size of the pupil therefore light controls light entry Dilates with dilator and constricts with sphincter c Lens bends light to focus image on retina passing through the eye By bending itself d Ciliary muscle controls the lens and its curvature e Retina cones and rods tissue with nerve cells and photoreceptors Like an outgrowth of the brain seme embryonic tissue f Fovea point of central focus most detailed vision happens here g Blind spot hole in the retina where optic nerve exits eye No photoreceptors here h Cranial Nerve II sensory info from photoreceptors to brain 4 For the picture to the right above When light enters through the pupil and strikes the retinal neurons in what order Remember that it passes through the layers of cells pictured above and acts at the RECEPTORS they do the receiving on the far outside first In other words know the retinal circuitry pictured above and how photons stimulate action potentials a Left Receptors rods and cones horizontal cells amacrine cells ganglion cells b Right outer segment inner segment bipolar cells optic nerve fiber 5 We talked a lot about rods and cones and their difference in foveal and peripheral vision table 6 1 Also understand the Acuity Sensitivity Tradeoff a One to one good activity fovea b Many to one convergence good sensitivity poor acuity rods off fovea Pool info from many receptors decrease percent info from any one receptor 6 While you don t need to know 11 cis retinal or all trans retinal you should know that there are photopigments comprised of retinal and opsins in rods and cones that respond to different wavelengths The exact structure of opsin molecule determines maximal sensitivity to wavelengths of light Long wavelength red light medium wavelength green light short wavelength blue light 7 What is the Trichromatic Theory of color vision What is the Retinex Theory Opponent Process Theory a Trichromatic Theory the three kinds of receptors for human color vision 3 color cones determined by the particular opsin within a photoreceptor Each cone is maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths Red long wavelength green medium wavelength blue short wavelength Color is perceived through the relative rates of response of each cones Any response by any one cone is ambiguous CNS must process relative activity across all cones Retina contains an equal number of red and green cones but a smaller amount of blue cones b Opponent Process theory suggests that we perceive color in terms of paired opposites The brain perceives color on a continuum from red to green and another from yellow to blue A possible mechanism for the theory is that bipolar cells are excited by one set of wavelengths and inhibited by another It is possible but can t be the whole story c Retinex Theory suggests the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area better explains color constancy 8 Understand color and contrast constancy lateral inhibition a Color constancy is the ability to recognize color despite changes in lighting is not easily explained by the first two theories blue glasses banana still yellow 9 What causes color vision deficiency a Color vision deficiency is an impairment in the perceiving of color differences Gene on the X chromosome and is caused by either the lack of a typed of cone or a cone has abnormal properties Most commonly difficulty distinguishing between red and green which results from the long and medium wavelength cones having the same photopigment i Protanopia red green color blindness see most things in shades of yellow and blue X linked disorder Red cone is filled with green opsin or green cone is filled with red opsin deuteranopia Normal vision acuity suggests presence of 3 cones ii Tritanopia blue color blindness retina lacks blue cone Blue sky looks green Good acuity Very rare Found in both men and women 10 The receptive field of a receptor is the point in space from which light strikes the cell The receptive field of the ganglion cell is the combined receptive fields of those receptors 11 The ganglion axons exit the as the optic nerve and then go where In other words what are brain regions involved in vision and the visual pathways through to the cortex 12 There are correlations between cones rods and magno parvocellular cells Review PPT 10 slides 11 12 for the overview of the ganglion cells 13 The where pathway of vision is the dorsal stream Primary visual cortex Secondary visual cortex Association cortex to posterior parietal cortex and is important for things like maze learning ability to perceive movement find objects and move toward them The what pathway of vision is the ventral stream Primary visual cortex Secondary visual cortex Association cortex to inferior temporal cortex and is important for things like object perception and recognition 14 Review the shape pathway as defined in simple complex and end stopped hypercomplex cells which are arranged in cortical columns and their roles in responding to stimuli 15 The two major disorders of object recognition discussed in class were visual agnosia and Prosopagnosia We also discussed motion blindness Know these disorders and the areas of the brain that are involved 16 Regarding visual development faces are special in terms of visual processing even at a very early age This is evidence for a built in facial recognition system 17 What chemicals or processes play a role in the beginning and end of the critical period in visual development 18 Be able to define binocular input and retinal disparity 19 Strabismus and astigmatism are


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FSU PSB 2000 - Study Guide

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