Arcuate nucleus: hypothalamic nucleus containing antagonistic sets of neurons responsive to peripheral hunger and satiety signalsDorsal raphe:nucleus of the pons that allows for transitioning out of REM sleep Lateral hypothalamus: “hunger” center of the hypothalamus; destruction results in refusal to eat Lateral preoptic area: hypothalamic nucleus that promotes water-seeking; intergrates signals from stomach to cease drinkingLocus coeruleus: nucleus of the pons that projects to the cortex and strengthens emotional memoriesMullerian system: portion of the undifferentiated prenatal gonadal system from which female genitalia emergeOVLT and SFO: hypothalamic nuclei that detect osmotic pressureParaventricular nucleus (PVN): hypothalamic nuclei that control pituitary release of ADHPontomesencephalon: nucleus of the pons that generates spontaneous activity and receivesinfo form the senses to promote wakefulnessPVN and SON: hypothalamic nucleus where second-order hunger and satiety signals are integrated; contains melanocortin- 4 receptors Retinohypothalamic path:projects from specialized ganglion cells of the retina to the SCNSexually dimorphic nucleus: hypothalamic nucleus implicated in male sexual beavhior; reliably different in size and activity in men compared to womenSplanchnic nerves: projections communicating nutritive content of the stomachSuperchiasmatic nucleus: hypothalamic nucleus that serves as our biological clockVagus nerves: projections communicating stretch of the stomachVentromedial hypothalamus: “satiety” center of the hypothalamus; destructions results in overeatingWolffian system: portion of the undifferentiated prenatal gonadal system from which male genitalia emergeAcetylcholine: used by the basal forebrain to increase attention and to shift from non-REM to REM sleepAcetycholine and glutamate: used by pontomesencephalon to promote wakefulnessADH/vasopressin: released by the pituitary; enables kidneys to reabsorb water and constricts blood vesselsAldosterone: promotes salt retention and intake (with help from Ang-II)androgens: steroid hormone necessary for development of the wolffian systemangiotensin-II: activated by renin; promotes drinking behavior; also constricts blood vessels like vasopressinCCK: “satiation” peptide released by duodenum in response to intestinal distension Estrogen: steroid hormone found in greater abundance in females than malesGABA: main neurotransmitter responsible for sleep; specifically used in the basal forebrain to decrease alertness by inhibiting the cortex and thalamusGhrelin: “hunger” peptide produced by stomach Glucagon: peptide released by the pancreas that allows glucose to be released from the liver when blood sugar levels are lowHistamine: used in the hypothalamus during times of arousal and alertness Insulin: peptide released by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells when blood sugar levels are highLeptin: peptide released by adipocytes in proptions to how much fat the cells containMelatonin: produced at night by pineal gland, promotes sleepinessMullerian-inhibiting hormone: hormone produced by the testes that inhibits development of female genitalia Norepinephrine: used by locus coeruleus in response to meaningful eventsNPY and AgRP: peptides released by arcuate neurons in response to ghrelin; inhibited by CCK, insulin, leptinOEA: “satiation” peptide released by duodenum in response to fatsOrexin/hypocretin: used in the hypothalamus to stay awake, though not to promote wakefulness; lack is associated with narcolepsyOxytosin: horomone that facilitates bonding between sexual partners and between parents and childrenPOMC and CART: peptides released by arcuate neurons in response to CCK, leptin, insulinRenin: released by kidneys in response to blood pressure changesSerotonin: used by the dorsal raphe to allow transitions out of REM
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