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• Know the different organelles and their functions.• Nucleus: structure that contains the chromosomes• Mitochondria: structure that performs metabolic activities, providing energy that the cell requires for all other activities• Ribosomes: sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules• ER: network of thin tubes that transports newly synthesized proteins to other locations• Understand the structure of the cell membrane.• A structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment . composed of 2 fat molecules. Only water, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and other important chemicals are able to pass through specific protein channels• Know the parts of a neuron and their functions. Be able to label the parts of a neuron.• Dendrite: branching fibers that get narrower at their ends• Soma (cell body): contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and other structures found in most cells• Axon: thin fiber of constant diameter, generally longer than dendrites.• Presynaptic terminal: the point at which the axon releases chemicals that cross betweenone neuron and the next• Compare motor neurons & sensory neurons: How are they different from each other & how are they the same? Be able to draw each one. Which one is multipolar and which one is unipolar? • Motor Neurons: has its soma in the spinal cord. Receives excitation from other neurons through its dendrites and conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle• Sensory Neurons: specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation ex. light, sound, touch• Know the different types of glial cells and their functions. ESPECIALLY which one puts myelin on axons in the CNS and which one myelinates axons of the PNS? Also understand what astrocytes do.• Astrocytes: wrap around the presynaptic terminals of a group of functionally relalted axons. They help synchronize the activity of the axons (allowing them to send messages in waves). Remove waste created by dead neurons, control amount of blood flow to each brain region. During heightened activity in some brain area, they dilate the blood vessels to bring more nutrients in to that area. Release chemicals that modify theactivity of neighboring neurons. IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTOR TO INFORMATION PROCESSING.• Microglia: very small cells, remove waste, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. (function like part of the immune system)• Oligodendrocytes: in the brain and spinal cord• Schwann cells: in the periphery. Build the myelin sheaths that surround and insulate certain vertebrate axons• Radial cells: guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites during embryonic development• Know the parts of a synapse (presynaptic cell (terminal), postsynaptic cell (dendrite or dendritic spine), synaptic cleft). •• Understand the terms afferent and efferent.• Afferent: brings information into a structure. Every sensory neuron is afferent to the restof the nervous system• Efferent: carries information away from a nervous system. Every motor neuron is efferent to the rest of the nervous system• What/where is the blood brain barrier? : mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain. It is located along the sides of the brains’ blood vessels.• What does it keep out, let in?: keeps out- viruses, bacteria, harmful chemicals, and mostnutrients. Lets in: small uncharged molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide), water, molecules that dissolve in the fat of membranes (vitamin A and D). Glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, a few vitamins, iron, and certain hormones• What are the implications of this for drug use and medicine?: it poses some difficulty fordiseases or infections dealing with the brain because the barrier keeps practically everything out• Difference b/t grey matter and white matter?• Grey matter: (H-shaped in the center of the spinal cord) densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites. Many neurons of the spinal cord send axons to the brain from the grey matter• White matter: send axons to other part of the body through the white matter in the spinal cord. Contains mostly myelinated axons.• Differences b/t brains of different critters• Size of cerebral cortex and the degree of folding• What are some similarities and differences between human brains and the brains of other mammals?• Same: brain areas, chemicals (neurotransmitters), proteins (channels & receptors)• Different: overall brain size, size of individual parts (neocortex [primates], olfactory bulb [rodents], auditory cortex [bats], muscles and sense organs of forelimbs [monkeys])• What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain and what major structures are in those division?• Forebrain: thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia• Midbrain: rectum, tegmentum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substania nigra• Hindbrain: meddulam, pons, cerebellum, • What comprises the brainstem?• Medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain• For the following brain structures, be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain, andknow generally what they do: medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain (remember the structures that we named within the midbrain?), thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, corpus callosum.• Cranial nerves: what is their general function (I’ll give you this one: sensory and motor for face and head…know what that means?). How many are there? • Control sensations from the head (muscle movements in the head) and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs. Some have autonomic component (pupil constriction, tearing, salivating, cardiovascular functions)• We discussed 2 systems: the limbic system and the basal ganglia. Know the general function(s) of each. • Limbic system: Important for motivations and emotions ex. eating, drinking, sexual activity, anxiety, and aggression. And memory• Basal ganglia: subdivisions that exchange information with different parts of the cerebral cortex (facilitate or inhibit cortical activity). Motor control (damage leads primarily to movement disorders), but also memory and emotional expression.• Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex and give functions associated with each. Included in this, be sure that you can locate motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, auditory cortex, visual cortex, prefrontal cortex.• What is


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FSU PSB 2000 - Notes

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