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Brain and Behavior Review Ch 12 15 06 58 00 21 11 2013 Chapter 12 1 and 12 2 Vocab Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 4 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the James Lange theory claims that autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam before the actual emotion What you experience as en emotion is the label you give to your responses Example You feel afraid because you run away you feel angry because you attack Pure autonomic failure when output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails either completely or almost completely Heartbeat and other organs activities continue but the nervous system no longer regulates them Someone with this condition does not react to stressful experiences with changes in heart rate blood pressure or sweating especially in the frontal and temporal lobes Marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach which could characterize either happiness or anger It s based on a model of appetitive motivation in this case an individual s disposition to pursue and achieve goals The BAS is aroused when it receives cues corresponding to rewards This system has an association with hope Limbic System the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus critical for emotion Behavioral Activation System BAS Applies to activity in the left hemisphere Panic Attack marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal Behavioral Inhibition System BIS Applies to activity in the right hemisphere Startle Reflex A response to an unexpected loud noise Turnover the amount that neurons are released and replaced 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5 HIAA serotonin s main metabolite in the cerebral especially in the frontal and temporal lobes Marked by increased attention and arousal inhibits action and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust Moreover it s a system that predicts an individual s response to anxiety cues in an environment This system is activated in times of punishment boring things or negative events By responding to cues such as negative stimuli or events that involve punishment or frustration this system ultimately results in avoidance of such negative and unpleasant events in order to prevent negative experiences such as fear anxiety frustration and sadness spinal fluid Used to estimate the amount of serotonin turnover connects the nucleus to the amygdala It creates long term generalized emotional arousals Example If you are attacked or experience a traumatic event you become more fearful in a wide variety of situations Benzodiazepines the most common anti anxiety drug Also known as anxiolytic drugs Examples include diazepam Valium chlordiazepoxide Librium and alprazolam Xanax Benzodiazepines usually bind to GABA A receptors Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis The stria terminalis is a set of axons that GABA A receptor the site that binds and modifies the sensitivity of GABA Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints Emotion and Aggression What are 3 aspects of an emotional state Cognition this is bad Readiness for action run away autonomic NS A feeling I m scared What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory Means Event appraisal cognitive aspect action emotional feeling Frightening situation Running away increased heart rate FEAR What are some brain areas involved in emotion Limbic system emotion center amygdala Cortex responses to all emotions Insular cortex lights up when experiencing or recognizing digust or fear What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli The right hemisphere tends to be more responsive to emotional stimuli then the left For example listening to either laughing or crying activates the right amygdala more then the left Another example is when people look at faces drawing their attention to emotional expression increases activity in the right temporal cortex Damage to the right temporal cortex made it more difficult for a person to identify others emotional states People with left hemisphere damage outperformed other groups on knowing when people were lying or telling the truth If you were to inactivate the right hemisphere that person would be able to remember facts surrounding emotional events but not the emotion itself How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion Prefrontal cortex cingulate gyrus and cortex all active when contemplating a moral decision People with prefrontal damage tend to choose based on logic not emotion Prefrontal cortex damage leads to inability to anticipate unpleasantness leads to bad decision making includes lack of autonomic arousal in anticipation of bad outcome aggressive behavior What about smoking while pregnant What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in Twin studies and adoption studies suggest genetic influence in violent behavior Adolescent delinquent behavior dizygotic fraternal monozygotic identical therefore more environmental contribution Adult crimes monozygotic dizygotic therefore more genetic contribution behavior Probably because adults have more control over their environment therefore magnifying the influence of the genetic contribution Adopted kids aggressive behaviors are most pronounced with biological parents with criminal records and dysfunction in adoptive family Smoking during pregnancy correlated with increased likelihood of son to be arrested for violent criminal activities in adolescence and early adulthood What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive Mice less serotonin turnover more aggressive Male monkeys in natural environment lowest serotonin turnover most Juveniles have lower serotonin turnover and more aggressiveness aggressive most injured earlier death Adolescents with history of aggressive behavior those with lowest turnover more likely to get in trouble again in next 2 years People released from prison lower serotonin turnover increased probability of more convictions for violent crimes Attempted suicides by violent means More common during spring when turnover is lowest How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior doesn t compel violent behavior is related to it does alter autonomic responses in women decreases ability to recognize facial expression of anger increases response in amygdala to image of angry face Men fight


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FSU PSB 2000 - Brain and Behavior Review

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