Study Guide for Optional Final Exam CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Know the parts of a neuron and their functions Be able to label the parts of a neuron Dendrites receive neurotransmitters Soma cell body contains nucleus Axon sends electrical impulses to terminals Terminals Contain neurotransmitters and release them How are sensory neurons and motor neurons different from each other Motor neuron soma in spinal cord terminals are connected to muscle fibers Sensory Neuron soma lives out of the spinal cord most of length is axon terminals are in spinal cord specialized endings What are the functions of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells Are there other types of glial cells Oligodendrocytes makes myelin in CNS Scwann cells makes myelin in PNS Astrocytes wrap around terminals of related axons remove waste material dilate blood vessels in active regions of brain provide nutrients from blood to neurons BBB Microglia repair remove waste fungi microorganisms Radial glia guide cell axon migration during development after development turn into neurons GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN What where is the blood brain barrier Endothelial cells w tight junctions surrounding capillaries in brain What is gray matter White matter Gray matter mass of cell bodies White matter mass of neurons with myelin sheath What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain Forebrain thinking perceiving big part of emotion memory drive Midbrain sensory pathways visual and auditory processing reflexes top related behaviors of brainstem Hindbrain Some motor control reflexes breathing heart rate etc Bottom of brainstem pons medulla and cerebellum For the following brain structures be able to identify them on a midline section of the brain and know generally what they do medulla pons cerebellum midbrain thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland corpus callosum Also know hippocampus and amygdala although you couldn t find them on a sagittal section of the brain because they are not midline structures Medulla Controls vital reflexes breathing heart rate vomiting salivation coughing sneezing Pons The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain Cerebellum Movement Well learned movements Sensory timing Midbrain Reflexive orienting to visual and auditory stimuli Intrinsic descending pain control Thalamus Relay station filter for sensory info on its way to cortex Hypothalamus Communicates with pituitary gland to alter hormone Balance release Pituitary gland Makes and releases hormones into bloodstream Corpus callosum Connects the two brain hemispheres Hippocampus memory Amygdala emotion Cranial nerves what is their general function I ll give you this one sensory and motor for face and head know what that means How many are there bring information from the sense organs to the brain other cranial nerves control muscles other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs 12 pairs We discussed 2 systems the limbic system and the basal ganglia Know the general function s of each Limbic system made of amygdala and hippocampus Controls memory and emotion activity Basal ganglia involved in movement and facilitate or inhibit cortical Be able to locate the lobes of the cortex know what primary sensory cortex is associated with each Also know which lobe contains motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Frontal lobe in the front Planning Working memory Socially appropriate behavior Contains motor cortex and Broca s area speech production Parietal lobe on top Contains somatosensory cortex Temporal lobe on bottom Contains auditory cortex and Wernicke s area speech understanding Occipital lobe in back Contains the primary visual cortex What are ventricles Contain cerebrospinal fluid CSF CSF is made in walls of ventricles by choroid plexus CSF reabsorbed into blood vessels so continuous turnover Protective Reservoir for hormones nutrients What where are the meninges 3 layers Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater Stabilizes protects the CNS Mechanically CSF within meninges b t arachnoid and pia for buoyancy SPINAL CORD AND PNS Know the parts of the spinal cord dorsal horn ventral horn dorsal root ventral root central canal dorsal root ganglion Be able to label them on a figure Dorsal horn receives sensory information Ventral horn contains motor neurons Dorsal root carrys information from sensory organs to the brain Ventral root carrys impulses to muscles and organs Central canal runs entire length of cord Contains CSF Dorsal root ganglion collections of cell bodies of sensory neurons Know the Bell Magendie law The entering dorsal roots carry sensory information to the brain the exiting ventral roots carry motor information to the muscles and glands Generally speaking what is a reflex Involuntary stereotyped response to a sensory input What structures comprise the CNS and what structures comprise the PNS CNS Brain and Spinal cord PNS all nerves outside of brain and spinal cord How is the PNS subdivided What are the distinct roles of the somatic enteric sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems PNS subdivided into somatic nervous system and autonomic NS Somatic nerves going from sense organs to CNS from CNS to muscles glands Autonomic controls heart intestines other organs Sympathetic NS for vigerous activity fight or flight Parasympathetic NS vegetative nonemergency responses Enteric NS controls gastrointestinal system Understand the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in terms of 1 under what circumstances each one is activated and 2 physiological effects Sympathetic activated for fight or flight Pupils dilate sweat increased heart rate inhibits digestion Parasympathetic Facilitates vegetative nonemergency functions Stimulates salivation slows heartbeat stimulates digestion ACTION POTENTIAL AND RESTING POTENTIAL When the cell is at rest which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell Potassium inside Chloride and Sodium outside What is a voltage gated channel Where are they A channel that opens when it reaches a certain charge On the outside of the cell Understand the steps of the action potential and how one leads to the next How is an action potential started and propagated What ion enters first Thru what type of channel does it enter What forces drive it inside Why does that channel close
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