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Study Guide for PSB2000 06 Exam 4 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 8 Study Hints There are 3 types of muscles smooth skeletal striated and cardiac Where is each type located smooth muscles control digestive system and other organs internal skeletal striated muscles control movement of the body in relation to the environment external voluntary muscles for body movement cardiac muscles heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles heart What is the neuromuscular junction What transmitter is released from the neuron onto skeletal muscles to cause contraction How many muscle fibers does a single neuron innervate and what does this mean for motion precision neuromuscular junction a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber actylcholine is the transmitter that is released by the neuron to cause a contraction in the muscle a single neuron can innervate many muscle fibers depends on what type of muscles Ex eye muscles 1 axon 3 fibers biceps 1 axon 100 fibers Motion precision will be higher with a lower ratio like eye muscles Remember muscles always contract or relax but never actively move in the opposite direction The ability bend straighten your arm for example is due to opposing sets of antagonistic muscles flexor and extensor muscle antagonistic muscles alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles Define Proprioception What is the Golgi tendon organ Muscle spindle proprioreceptors receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body golgi tendon organ proprioreceptor that are in tendons at opposite ends of muscles respond to increase in muscle tension during a contraction message to SC inhibition of motor neurons muscle spindles proprioreceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch causes a contraction of the muscle knee jerk reflex What is the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch fibers Which are aerobic Anaerobic fast twitch fibers produce fast contraction but fatigue rapidly anaerobic slow twitch fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue aerobic What are some reflexes that are present in children but inhibited in adults reflex involuntary consistent and automatic response to stimuli grasp reflex grasp objects placed in hand Babinski reflex extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked rooting reflex turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated ballistic movements are movements that once initiated can not be altered or corrected Ex stretch reflex dilation of the pupil What 3 areas of the cortical motor areas actively prepare for movements Sending information to primary motor cortex the movement instigates prefrontal cortex responds to lights noises and other sensory signals premotor cortex active during prep for a movement and during movement itself gets info on location of target and current body position supplementary motor cortex most active just before rapid series of movements When the motor cortex sends a signal to the periphery to cause movement it travels down the corticospinal tract AKA dorsolateral tract The cell bodies of the upper motor neurons UMN are in the motor cortex but the axon from an UMN descends via the brain stem and crosses over in the medulla to the other side of the body and then continue down the spinal cord until the UMN synapses on the lower motor neuron LMN or an interneuron in the spinal cord on the contralateral side from the motor cortex that sent the original signal This is how the motor cortex on one side controls the movements for the contralateral side of the body The cerebellum and the basal ganglia among others are involved in movement How Know the sub structures of each and the role the major rolls the basal ganglia and cerebellum play in movement i e what would damage to these structures disrupt Also review the structure and design of the Purkinje cells and parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex Basal Ganglia responsible for initiating an action not guided by a stimulus 1 Caudate nucleus 2 Putamen 3 Globus pallidus problems with regions of basal ganglia movement disturbances cognitive emotional disturbances Cerebellum important for rhythm timing critical for attention like shifting attention to visual stimuli Parallel fibers excite Purkinje cells purkinje cellstransmit inhibitory messages to the cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum and the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem messages then sent to the midbrain and the thalamus We talked about several movement disorders Be able to answer questions about Myasthenia Gravis Parkinson s Disease and Huntington s Disease in terms of symptoms and treatments Myasthenia Gravis autoimmune disease immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors at NMJs rapid muscle fatigue starts in face eventually can affect muscles used for breathing treated with immune suppressants or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Parkinson s Disease loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra rigidity muscle tremors slow movement difficulty initiating movements or cognitive activity treatment L DOPA stimulation of GPi and nucleus subthalamicus stem cell transplants Huntington s Disease neurological disorder characterized by various motor symptoms assoc with gradual and extensive brain damage especially in the caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus and the cerebral cortex loss of dopaminergic cells in caudate and putamen arm jerks and facial twitches later tremors and writhing repeating CAG Chapter 9 Study Hints Understand the definitions of the following endogenous circannual rhythm endogenous circadian rhythm ultradian rhythm zeitgeber entrainment free running rhythm and jet lag endogenous circannual rhythm of a year endogenous circadian rhythm of a day ultradian rhythm zeitgeber time giver entrainment training free running rhythm no indication of what time set own clock jet lag disruption of the body s circadian phase What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus Where is it located i e how did it get its name and what larger structure is it part of How do light signals melanopsin photopigment signals get from the retina to the SCN of the hypothalamus The retinohypothalamic tract surprachiasmatic nucles SCN your internal clock above the chiasm supra above in hypothalamus light activates photoreceptors in


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FSU PSB 2000 - Exam 4

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