Study Guide for PSB2000 Sections 06 Exam 4 It is always advisable to know the key terms introduced in each section However the study hints listed here by chapter will also help you focus on other important concepts for the exam Chapter 12 1 12 2 Study Hints Emotion and Aggression What are 3 aspects of an emotional state Cognition Readiness for action Feeling What is the James Lange theory of emotion Know the order of the 3 aspects of an emotional state according to this theory The James Lange theory of emotion states that the autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first when feeling an emotion Event Appraisal Autonomic Action Emotional Feeling What are some brain areas involved in emotion What are some examples of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli How is the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion LYMBIC SYSTEM amygdala CORTEX INSULAR CORTEX mainly disgust and fear An example of the right hemisphere being more responsive to emotional stimuli would be more activity in the right amygdala in response to laughter or crying than in the L Paying attention to emotional expressions on face right temporal cortex is more active than L Damage to R temporal cortex leads to difficulty identifying others emotional states PREFRONTAL CORTEX cingulate gyrus and cortex all active when contemplating a moral decision Decision how they feel justification later Damage to Prefrontal Cortex creates an absence in moral behavior or lack thereof What do twin studies and adoption studies tell us about the role of heredity in aggressive behavior What about smoking while pregnant Twin studies and adoption studies suggest that genes are highly influential in aggressive behavior Environment has a greater effect on delinquent aggression Monozygotic adult twins have higher crime rates genetic contribution higher Smoking during pregnancy higher chance son arrested for violent crime Could be due to fact that mothers who smoke just don t care or take drugs have poor diet What is some evidence that low serotonin turnover is associated with aggressive behavior Less serotonin more aggression Mice isolated for 4 weeks had an increase of aggression and decrease in serotonin turnover How is testosterone related to aggressive behavior In animals males fight males Men fight more than women especially when testosterone at highest 18 25 What is the role of the amygdala in processing fear and other emotions What kinds of stimuli activate the amygdala What are some behavioral cognitive consequences of damage to the amygdala Know the experiment about the resident and intruder hamsters and the activation of the amygdala in those hamsters Amygdala gets input from cortex Output to hypothalamus prefrontal cortex to control approach and avoidance and midbrain then pons then spinal cord for startle reflex Activated during fear conditioning looking at photos of something frightening judging one s goodness or badness discerning complicated emotional stimuli looking at someone whose expression is fear or anger Chapter 12 3 Study Hints Stress and Health Can you differentiate between acute chronic physical stressors and psychological social stressors Acute physical stressors The stress response is the body s attempt to restore balance when demands are made on it What two systems are important in the stress response It would be good to have a general understanding of the mechanisms involved in both AUTONOMIC NS fight or flight response prepares body for emergencies HPA Axis hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal cortex hypothalamus makes CRH Pituitary makes ACTH Adrenal secretes cortisol increase blood sugar metabolism Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome would make excellent matching on an exam alarm stage resistance stage exhaustion stage etc Alarm initial response by the sympathetic ns mobilizes energy from stores inhibit further storage no digestion growth reproduction increase HR BP breathing Resistance Adaptation sympathetic response declines adrenal cortex releases cortisol others for alertness Exhaustion inactivity vulnerability and decreased energy Cortisol released anti inflammatory decreases antibody production decreases lymphocytes Can you name at least three effects of severe or prolonged stress on memory Glucocorticoids cortisol kill hippocampal neurons dendrite and axon retraction inhibition of hippocampus neurogenesis long term depression reverse potentiation We discussed growth hormone GH effects related to stress Know some basic effects of GH during development and for adults and realize that glucocorticoids released during stress HPA axis counteract the effects of GH Active touch can be a GH stimulus Adults secrete GH to repair tissue heal wounds GH released during sleep The more sleep the more GH heal faster During brief stress response somatomedin is suppressed GH released from anterior pituitary Active touch increases GH production What are some other hormones of the stress response Glucagon raises blood sugar Prolactin suppresses reproduction Endorphins enkephalins cause analgesia Secretion of testosterone estrogen progesterone GH and insulin are inhibited Psychoneuroimmunology deals with how the immune system and CNS influence each other What important role do cytokines play What are stress effects on the immune system Slides 24 and 25 Cytokines are released by the immune system along with natural killer cells and leukocytes during response to a stressful experience They are proteins that combat infections and tell the brain te body is ill The cytokines can trigger symptoms of illness as a reaction to the stress itself Stress ulcers heart disease and reproductive issues What are the symptoms of PTSD in victims Last more than a month Victim has flashbacks and nightmares about event Avoidance of reminders of event Exaggerated arousal in response to noises other stimuli Small hippocampus What is an example of a good stressor How does it help An example of a good stressor would be exercise Good stressors increase capillaries in muscle better delivery of nutrients They increase inulin receptors on muscle cells They help burn fat Chapter 13 1 13 2 Study Hints Learning and Memory Can you describe or answer questions about classical vs operant conditioning Classical conditioning is when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus which automatically results in an unconditioned response After several pairings the new response conditioned response can be activated by
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