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PSB2000 Exam 4 Study Guide 3 Types of Muscles o Smooth Controls digestive system and other organs internal organs o Skeletal Striated control movement of body in relation to enviro Voluntary muscles for o Cardiac Heart muscles properties are intermediate to smooth and skeletal Neuromuscular Junction synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber o Acetylcholine is the chemical released which then excites the muscle causing it to body movement contract o Each muscle only makes one movement contraction Although each muscle fiber receives info from only one axon a given axon may innervate more than one muscle fiber o Motion Precision The eye muscles have about 1 axon to 3 muscle fibers whereas the biceps of the arm have about 1 axon to more than a hundred fibers Difference in precision eye moves more precisely than biceps Muscles always contract or relax but never actively move in the opposite direction o Antagonistic muscles moving a leg or arm back and forth opposing sets of muscles Flexor muscle brings inward flexor muscle at elbow brings hand toward shoulder Extensor muscle straightens or extends straightens arm out Proprioception a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body o In a muscle detects the stretch and tension of a muscle and sends messages that enable the spinal cord to adjust its signals o Muscle Spindle a receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch negative feedback o Golgi tendon organs also proprioceptors respond to increases in muscle tension Located in tendons at opposite ends of a muscle and act as a brake against an excessively vigorous contraction Detect the tension that results during a muscle contraction Fast twitch fibers fast contractions and rapid fatigue o Fast twitch anaerobic using reactions that do not require oxygen at the time although they need it for recovery Slow twitch fibers less vigorous contractions and no fatige nonstrenuous activites o Slow twitch aerobic they use oxygen during their movements pay as you go Reflexes constant automatic responses to stimuli involuntary consistent and automatic o Infant reflexes not seen in adults Grasp reflex grasps objects placed in the hand Babinski reflex extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked Rooting reflex turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated Sequences of behavior o Learned sports typing piano playing o Programmed grooming mice yawning w stretch inhalation exhalation pattern smiling frowning Primary motor cortex elicits movement control specific areas on opposite sides of the body o Cerebral cortex important for complex actions writing talking best when people intend to do something voluntary o Posterior parietal cortex keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world Id damaged a person can accurately describe when they see but cannot walk to it around it or grab it Neurons respond to stimulus response or both Signals sent from following 3 cortexes instigates movement o Prefrontal cortex responds to light noises and other sensory signals o Premotor cortex active during prep for a movement and during the movement itself It gets info on location of target and current body position o Supplementary motor cortex most active just before rapid series of movements When the motor cortex sends a signal to the periphery to cause movement it travels down the corticospinal tract AKA dorsolateral tract The cell bodies of the upper motor neurons UMN are in the motor cortex but the axon from an UMN descends via the brain stem and crosses over in the medulla to the other side of the body and then continue down the spinal cord until the UMN synapses on the lower motor neuron LMN or an interneuron in the spinal cord on the contralateral side from the motor cortex that sent the original signal This is how the motor cortex on one side controls the movements for the contralateral side of the body Movement o Cerebellum more neurons than rest of the brain and has many synapses More capacity for processing info Damage to cerebellum trouble with timing and accurate aim After recovery still slow on sequences of movements and even on imagining sequences of movements Finger to nose test Important for activities that require precise timing and attention REcieves input from the spinal cord by way of the cranial nerve nuclei reaching the cerebellar cortex surface of cerebellum Purkinje cells flat 2 D cells in sequential panes parallel to one another Parallel fibers axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells Actions potentials in parallel fibers excite one purkinje cells after another Purkinje cell then transmits an inhibitory message to cells in the nuclei of the cereblleum clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cereblleum And the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem which then sends info to the midbrain and thalamus o Basal Ganglia applies collectively to a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain Includes the caudate nucleus putamen and globus pallidus Movement Disorders Output from globus pallidus to thalamus releases GABA neurons sponataneous Input from caudate nucleus and putamen tells globus pallidus which movements to stop inhibiting Damage huntingtons disease decreased inhibition and therefore many involuntary jerky movements Basal Ganglia critical for learning new habits o Myasthenia Gravis autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks Ach receptors at NMJs There is rapid muscle fatigue and begins in the face and can eventually affect the muscles used from breathing It is treated with immune suppressants or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors o Parkinsons Disease loss of dopaminergic cells in substania nigra Rigidity muscle tremors slow movement difficulty initiating movement or cognitive activity Causes early onset genetics late onset apoptosis larger Environmental influences toxins converting the chemical MPTP to MPP accumulated and destroyed neurons that contained dopamine Drugs increased use of cigarettes and coffee decreased risk of PD use of marijuana increased risk of PD Treatment L DOPA precursor to dopamine crosses blood brain barrier other drugs anitioxidants to decrease further damage neurotrophins to promote neuronal survival and growth anti apoptoctic stimulation of GPi and nuceus subthalamicus good for decreasing tremor stem cell transplants substantia nigra neurons or dopamine producing neurons in general donor tissue might release neurotrophins


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FSU PSB 2000 - Exam 4

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