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PSB2000 Exam 3 Study Guide Study Questions Circadian Rhythms Define circadian rhythm and zeitgeber Know examples of each What is the purpose of endogenous rhythms Circadian Rhythms Rhythms that last about a day human s last about 24 hours 1 EXAMPLES walking sleeping hormone secretion urine production eating and drinking sensitivity to drugs Zeitgeber A stimulus that resets the biological clock 1 EXAMPLES Temp exercise noise meals BRIGHT LIGHT What are jet lag and shift work and what are some effects of these situations on people Jet lag when our endogenous rhythms don t match external time Easier to travel west Flight attendants on long trips across several time zones have had a smaller than avg hippocampus due to stress hormones that are toxic to the hippocampus and memory Shift work People who work out of sync with regular sleep wake cycle For those who work night shifts try to sleep during the day but it is more difficult due to the light What is the significance of the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN What is the behavioral result of a lesion of the SCN How did brain transplants help prove the role of the SCN The superchiasmatic nucleus SCN is the body s biological clock is the main control center for sleep and temperature circadian rhythms Behavioral result of lesion of SCN Brain transplants that help prove role of SCN hamsters with removed SCN had a cycle every 20 hours but hamsters with the transplant SCN had a cycle every 24 hours What are some genes and proteins involved in sleep and how are they involved Genes period per timeless tim clock clock Proteins per tim clock Small amounts of them in the morning increase as the day goes on High levels makes flies sleepy cycle begins again in the morning What is the retinohypothalamic pathway In what way does it contribute to circadian rhythms From what retinal cells dos it project and where does it go The retinohypothalamic pathway is projection that goes directly from the retina to the SCN providing it with info about light Contributes to circadian rhythms because light interrupts the rhythms Light info comes from specialized neurons in the retina How is melatonin involved in circadian rhythms What structure makes releases melatonin When is it released What brain structure responds to melatonin How do humans respond to melatonin ie does it make us sleepy or awake Melatonin hormone released by pineal gland released 2 3 hours before bedtime makes us sleepy Pineal gland gets info about light from retina and SCN Melatonin feeds back to SCN Tumor here can make people stay awake for days Melatonin makes us sleepy Humans respond by getting sleepy pineal is also critical for seasonal rhythms spring longer days less melatonin more reproductive behavior Study Questions Sleep We discussed 3 possible functions of sleep in general know those 1 Energy Conservation 2 Restoration restore to homeostatic levels 3 Memory We also discussed possible functions of REM sleep know those 1 Memory consolidation and removal of useless connections 2 Brain development infants have LOTS of REM sleep 3 Just for rapid eye movement part of REM to get enough oxygen to corneas What are the different stages of sleep In general what is brain activity like in those stages In what order do humans move thru these stages during a night of sleep What do heart rate breathing blood pressure and temperature do during the different stages of sleep Brain activity from awake to sleep low amplitude and high frequency waves to high amplitude and low frequency waves Order Stage 1 2 3 4 3 2 REM happens every 90 minutes Stage 1 Overall brain activity high but decreasing Stage 2 Brain activity still decreasing Stage 3 4 Slow wave sleep Stage 4 Thalamus stops relaying sensory info to cortex REM What is paradoxical about REM sleep What neurotransmitters are involved How is it related to dreams REM sleep is paradoxical because it is when you have the most brain activity high paralyzed sleep and people frequency fast waves yet your postural muscles are most relaxed actually deep sleep REM sleep is related to dreams because dreams usually occur during REM REM seems to intensify dreams Dreams are more vivid during REM and most remember these dreams When dreaming what brain areas are very active and which ones are inactive What is the functional consequence of that for example the prefrontal cortex being inactive leads to poor memory and logic in dreams What are PGO waves Active during dreaming Pons activates some parts of parietal occipital cortex Amygdala hence strong motivation and drive in dreams Inactive V1 and sensory cortex so no sensory into to compete with self generated info hallucinations Also prefrontal cortex is inactive so memory is weak during and after a dream also logic is lacking PGO waves are most prominent before REM sleep released by thalamus and occipital cortex Know understand some common sleep disorders insomnia narcolepsy sleep apnea periodic limb movement disorder restless leg syndrome REM behavior disorder night terrors sleep walking sleep talking insomnia inadequate non restorative sleep narcolepsy frequent periods of sleepiness sleeping during the day sleep apnea inability to breathe while sleeping periodic limb movement disorder restless leg syndrome kick leg once REM behavior disorder move around vigorously during REM sleep no every 20 sec paralysis night terrors experience extreme anxiety wake up screaming sleep walking talking usually during non REM sleep and in children As we age what changes about overall sleep and the amount of time spent in REM sleep and what happens to the incidence of sleep disorders As we age we spend less time sleeping overall and less time in REM sleep Additionally the chance of having a sleep disorder increases Study questions Organizing Activating Effects of Hormones Know the 3 classes of sex steroid hormones and their synthesis pathway Know examples of each class ie testosterone is an androgen 1 Androgens Testosterone DHT 2 Estrogens Estradiol 3 Progestins Progesterone Know the differences between organizational and activational effects of hormones What are some examples of each type of effect in men and in women Organizational effects PERMANENT Occur mostly during sensitive periods of development before birth in humans Effects are generally permanent Determine whether body will develop male of female characteristics Activational effects TEMPORARY Occur at any time in life when a hormone temporarily activates a response


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FSU PSB 2000 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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