Chapter 4:Neuroanatomy Part 1 -Dorsal-towards the back-Ventral- towards stomach (ventriloquist, stomach talker)-Medial-towards the center-Lateral-away from center-Anterior-to the front-Posterior-to the rear end-Contralateral-on opposite side-Ipsilateral- on same side-Nerve-a bundle of axons in PNS (can go to or out of CNS)-Tract projection- a bundle of axons completely within CNS-Ganglion-cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS-Nuclei-cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS-Gray Matter-area consisting mainly of cell bodies-White Matter-area consisting mainly of axons1. Name and differentiate between the two main subcategories of the vertebrate nervous system. -The Vertebrate Nervous System includes The Central Nervous System (CNS), which is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which consists of all neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.2. Describe the subdivisions (and sub subdivisions) of the PNS. What neurotransmitters function here?-The PNS is made up of two parts the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.- Somatic Nervous System- series of neurons that communicate from sense organs to the CNs and from the CNS to the muscles (those you consciously control) part of each cell is in the CNs and part is in the PNS- Autonomic Nervous System- regulates involuntary activity of internal organs, has some of its cell bodies within the brain or spinal cord and some in clusters along the sides of the spinal cordo Sympathetic Nervous System- “fight or flight” emergency system, its main function is to expend energy, signals via norepinephrine (noradrenaline) (increases)o Parasympathetic Nervous System-facilitates vegetative non-emergency responses, main function is to conserve energy, signals via acetylcholine (decreases)3. How does the spinal cord receive and send information to and from the PNS?-The Spinal Cord is part of the CNS within the spinal column. It communicateswith all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head. It is a segmented structure, each segment has two sets of spinal nerves on eachside: sensory information comes in from PNS via nerves that enter the dorsal side (towards the back) and motor information leaves to the PNS via nerves on the ventral side (towards stomach).4. What are some of the functions of the hindbrain? List the structures that compose it and what systems traverse it.-The hindbrain is the posterior part of the brain, consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Medulla, pons and certain central structures of the forebrain constitute the brainstem.- Medulla- just above spinal cord regulates vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate and salivation through cranial nerves, which are 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensations from the head and control muscle movements of the head.- Pons- anterior and ventral to medulla, nuclei that deal primarily with swallowing, bladder control, taste, posture via communication with cerebellum. *First place where information becomes contralateral!- Cerebellum-large hindbrain structure with many deep folds, important for balance and coordination, as well as attention and timing.Systems that start in Medulla and Pons but also go into mid and forebrain:- Reticular formation-involved in attention arousal and sleep- Raphe System-involved in attention, vigilance, and mood (serotonin main neurotransmitter here so antidepressants might work here)5. In a rat midbrain, the tectum is dorsal or ventral to the tegmentum? What structures compose the tectum and what are their functions? Name the final structure found in the midbrain and the neurotransmitter it uses.-In the rat midbrain the tectum is dorsal to the tegmentum. The roof of the midbrain is called the tectum; it is composed of the superior colliculus, which controls vision, and the inferior colliculus, which controls hearing. The tegmentum controls eye movement. The final structure of the mid brain is the Substantia Nigra, which controls movement; dopamine is the main neurotransmitter here, break down of dopamine neurons here involvedin development of Parkinson’s.6. Does the forebrain communicate contralaterally or ipsilaterally? Describe the function of the two systems found in the forebrain and name the structures that compose them. What is meant by saying that the thalamus acts as an information relay station?-The Forebrain is the most prominent part of mammalian brain, it consists of two cerebral hemispheres one on the left and one on the right, each hemisphere is organized to receive sensory information mostly from the contralateral (opposite) side of the body. It is composed of the Cerebral Cortex, which is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is responsible for higher order thinking and also subcortical structures. Subcortical structures include:- Thalamus- relays information to and from cortex/ most sensory information goes first to the thalamus which processes it and sends output to the cerebral cortex- Limbic System-reward, motivation, and emotion/ it connects multiple parts of the forebrain:o Hypothalamus-small area at the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus , it is involved in motivation and hormone regulation via pituitary gland (attached to base of hypothalamus)o Amygdala-involved in attention, aggression and moodo Hippocampus- large structure between the thalamus and cerebral cortex toward posterior of forebrain involved in learning and memory- Basal Ganglia- system that connects multiple parts of the forebrain, ithas 3 major structures the caudate nucleus, putamen, and Globus pallidus all involved in coordination of brain activity (movement, attention and planning) problems with inhibitory neurons in this area may be responsible for OCD.- Basal Forebrain-connects multiple parts of the forebrain, has nucleusbasalis- key part of the brains system for arousal wakefulness and attention. Patients with Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s disease have impairments of attention and intellect because of inactivity or deterioration of their nucleus basalis.7. Describe the fluid system in the brain and one condition that may occur due to problems with it. What structure produces CSF?-The Nervous System begins its development as a tube surrounding a fluid canal; the canal persists into adulthood as the central canal and as the ventricles (4 filled cavities within the brain: lateral, third and fourth ventricles). These spaces are filled with
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