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Study Guide for PSB2000 06 Exam 3 Chapter 8 Study Hints There are 3 types of muscles smooth skeletal striated and cardiac Where is each type located Smooth muscles control the digestive system and other organs internal organs Skeletal muscles striated muscles control movement of the body in relation to the environment voluntary muscles for body movement Cardiac muscles heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles heart intermediate What is the neuromuscular junction What transmitter is released from the neuron onto skeletal muscles to cause contraction How many muscle fibers does a single neuron innervate and what does this mean for motion precision A neuromuscular junction is a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber Acetylcholine excites muscle to contract Axon innervates 1 muscle fibers Eye muscles 1 axon 3 fibers Biceps 1 axon 100 fibers Remember muscles always contract or relax but never actively move in the opposite direction The ability bend straighten your arm for example is due to opposing sets of antagonistic muscles flexor and extensor muscle Movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles called antagonistic muscles Acetylcholine always excites skeletal muscles to contract A flexor muscle is one that flexes or raises an appendage An extensor muscle is one that extends an appendage or straightens it Define Proprioception What is the Golgi tendon organ Muscle spindle Fluidity of movement depends on Proprioceptors receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body Muscle spindles are proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch causes a contraction of the muscle Golgi tendon organ Type of proprioceptor In tendons at opposite ends of muscles Responds to increase in muscle tension during a contraction message to SC inhibition of motor neurons via interneurons Vigorous contraction inhibits further contraction What is the difference between fast twitch and slow twitch fibers Which are aerobic Anaerobic Skeletal muscle types range from Fast twitch fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly Slow twitch fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue Slow twitch fibers are aerobic and require oxygen during movement and therefore do not fatigue Fast twitch fibers are anaerobic and use reactions that do not require oxygen resulting in fatigue What are some reflexes that are present in children but inhibited in adults Infants have several reflexes not seen in adults Grasp reflex grasps objects placed in the hand Babinski reflex extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked Rooting reflex turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated What 3 areas of the cortical motor areas actively prepare for movements Sending information to primary motor cortex instigates the movement Prefrontal cortex Premotor cortex Responds to lights noises other sensory signals Active during prep for a movement and during movement itself Gets info on location of target current body position Supplementary motor cortex Most active just before rapid series of movements When the motor cortex sends a signal to the periphery to cause movement it travels down the corticospinal tract AKA dorsolateral tract The cell bodies of the upper motor neurons UMN are in the motor cortex but the axon from an UMN descends via the brain stem and crosses over in the medulla to the other side of the body and then continue down the spinal cord until the UMN synapses on the lower motor neuron LMN or an interneuron in the spinal cord on the contralateral side from the motor cortex that sent the original signal This is how the motor cortex on one side controls the movements for the contralateral side of the body The cerebellum and the basal ganglia among others are involved in movement How Know the sub structures of each and the role the major rolls the basal ganglia and cerebellum play in movement i e what would damage to these structures disrupt Also review the structure and design of the Purkinje cells and parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex Basal ganglia Feedback for later control The basal ganglia is a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain responsible for initiating an action not guided by a stimulus Comprised of the following structures Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Group of subcortical areas in forebrain Caudate putamen globus pallidus substantia nigra subthalamic nucleus Connections w thalamus and cortex Deciding what moves to make or inhibit Problems with regions of basal ganglia movement disturbances cognitive emotional disturbances Brainstem Spinal cord Motor cranial nerves Voluntary movement Central pattern generators Reflexes The cerebellum is a structure in the brain often associated with balance and coordination More neurons in the cerebellum than in all other brain areas combined Damage to the cerebellum causes trouble with rapid movements requiring aim timing Examples clapping hands speaking writing etc The cerebellum also seems critical for certain aspects of attention such as the ability to shift attention and attend to visual stimuli The cerebellar cortex is the surface of the cerebellum Parallel fibers excite Purkinje cells Purkinje cells transmit inhibitory messages to the cells in the nuclei of the cerebellum clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum and the vestibular nuclei in the brain stem Messages then sent to the midbrain and the thalamus We talked about several movement disorders Be able to answer questions about Myasthenia Gravis Parkinson s Disease and Huntington s Disease in terms of symptoms and treatments Myasthenia Gravis Autoimmune disease Rapid muscle fatigue Begins in face Immune system attacks Ach receptors at NMJs Eventually can affect muscles used for breathing Treated w immune suppressants or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Parkinson s Disease Loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra Rigidity muscle tremors slow movement difficulty initiating movement or cognitive activity Mix of causes Genetics Yes for early onset Toxins MPTP MPP L DOPA Other drugs Drugs increased use of cigarettes coffee decreased risk of PD Marijuana increased risk of PD Antioxidants to decrease further damage Neurotrophins to promote neuronal survival and growth Anti apoptotic Stimulation of GPi and nucleus subthalamicus Good for decreasing tremor Stem cell transplants Substantia nigra neurons or dopamine producing neurons in


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FSU PSB 2000 - Exam 3

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