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Emotions Emotion defined in terms of three components cognition action and feeling Emotional situations arouse the autonomic nervous system Each situation evokes its own special mixture of sympathetic and parasympathetic arousal The James Lange theory of emotion suggests that autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in an emotion The emotion that is felt is the label that we give the arousal of the organs and muscle According to the James Lange theory emotional feelings result from the body s action Panic attacks are marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal rapid heartbeat fast breathing etc Only if perceived as occurring spontaneously James Lange theory leads to two predictions People with a weak autonomic or skeletal response should feel less emotion Increasing one s response should enhance an emotions Testing the James Lange Theory Research indicates the following Paralyzed people report feeling emotion to the same degree as prior to their injury People with pure autonomic failure output from autonomic nervous system to body fails still report feeling emotion but less intensely This suggests other factors are involved in the perception of emotion But certain body actions influence emotion smiling can increase happiness frowning makes things seem less plesant Botox and emotions BOTOX blocks transmissions at synapses and nerve muscle junctions People with BOTOX blocks transmission at synapses and nerve muscle junctions injections show Slower time in reading unhappy sentences and weaker than usual emotional responses after watching short videos On the other hand Mobius syndrome physically cant smile Basic Emotions Anger Fear Disgust Surprise Happiness and Sadness each has a unique expression defined by the shape of the mouth eyes etc and each elicits activity in different brain areas Functions of Emotion Emotions motivate us by forming appetites and aversions we work to satisfy appetite avoid aversions and to help make decisions also have survival value fight or flight Contemplating moral decisions activates the prefrontal cortex cingulate gyrus and amygdala Emotion is scattershot Measurement of evoked responses indicate the brain is specialized to attend strongly to facial expressions but emotions tend not to be localized in specific parts of the cortex a single emotion increases activity in various parts of the brain Insular cortex and disgust localization in the brain seems to exist for the emotion of disgust The insular cortex is strongly activated during exposure to stimuli perceived as disgusting also the primary taste cortex Different parts react to different types of disgusting scenes It also reacts to frightening stimuli and angry faces so not completely dedicated to disgust The two hemispheres of the brain play different roles in emotion Differences in frontal cortex activity relates to personality People with greater activity in the left hemisphere are happier more outgoing and friendlier damage to left hemisphere leads to better emotion detection skills Damage the prefrontal cortex impairs decision making leads to impulsive decision making without pausing to consider consequences stems from failure to anticipate unpleasantness of an outcome Those with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex show decreased guilt The limbic system includes the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus traditionally been regarded as critical for emotion Cingulate gyrus Coordinates Sensory Input With Emotions emotional Responses to Pain Regulates Aggressive Behavior Amygdala Connects with the hypothalamus storage of memories associated with emotional events It is the emotion center of the brain especially negative emotions like anger fear aggression Attack and Escape Behaviors and the Amygdala are closely related physiologically and behaviorally Corresponding behaviors are anger and fear Pain threat or other unpleasant stimuli can trigger an attack behavior Attack behaviors are associated with increased activity in the corticomedial area of the amygdala Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulates long term generalized emotional arousal After experiencing a provocation people are more likely to attack for a period of time afterwards an initial attack behavior increases the probability of a second attack behavior Environmental and genetic contributors to violence exposure to lead witnessing experiencing violence in childhood twin studies suggest genetic contribution of violence Testosterone and aggression male aggressive behavior is influenced by the hormone testosterone research shows that men with the highest rates of violent behavior also have slightly higher testosterone levels Triple imbalance hypothesis violence depends on other chemicals besides testosterone notably cortisol response to stress and serotonin tends to inhibit violent impulses Aggression levels are highest when cortisol levels are low and testosterone levels are high Valzelli s 1973 study with male juvenile mice found that social isolation decreased serotonin turnover and increased aggressive behavior Also research with monkeys has demonstrated that low levels of 5 HIAA increases the probability of attack on larger monkey In human studies low serotonin turnover has been linked to people with violent behavior and violent crimes suicide attempts Changes in diet can alter serotonin synthesis tryptophan Serotonin activity can also be influenced by genetics Genes control the production of tryptophan hydroxylase Tryptophan hydroxylase is the enzyme that converts tryptophan into serotonin People with less active form of this enzyme are more likely than others to report frequent anger and aggression The role of serotonin is very complicated and should not be thought of as the anti aggression transmitter During aggression the brain releases serotonin High levels of serotonin may inhibit a variety of impulses also influences fear and anxiety proneness to approach avoidance and anxiety varies with the situation Amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences and then regulating current levels of anxiety Output from the amygdala to the hypothalamus controls autonomic fear responses Axons extending from the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex regulate approach and avoidance responses Amygdala responds strongly to emotional stimuli facial expressions but strongest when meaning is unclear and requires some processing also responds to stimuli not consciously


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FSU PSB 2000 - Emotions

Documents in this Course
Emotions

Emotions

21 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

17 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

34 pages

EXAM 2

EXAM 2

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Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

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Exam 3

Exam 3

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Exam 4

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Chapter 1

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Notes

Notes

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Notes

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Exam 4

Exam 4

24 pages

Test 2

Test 2

10 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

21 pages

Test 4

Test 4

24 pages

Exam 2

Exam 2

13 pages

Emotions

Emotions

21 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

16 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

15 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

13 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

7 pages

Exam #4

Exam #4

17 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

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Exam 2

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Exam 2

Exam 2

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Exam 1

Exam 1

60 pages

Exam 1

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60 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

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Chapter 1

Chapter 1

17 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

29 pages

Exam 1

Exam 1

29 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

12 pages

EXAM 4

EXAM 4

7 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

26 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

19 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

29 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

19 pages

Vision

Vision

22 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

10 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

13 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

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Movement

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37 pages

Test 3

Test 3

13 pages

Test 3

Test 3

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Genetics

Genetics

15 pages

Genetics

Genetics

12 pages

Genetics

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14 pages

Genetics

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Neurons

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Exam 3

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Chapter 1

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16 pages

GENETICS

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14 pages

Notes

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13 pages

Exam 3

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MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT

37 pages

Genetics

Genetics

13 pages

Genetics

Genetics

14 pages

Notes

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9 pages

Notes

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Test #2

Test #2

20 pages

Exam 3

Exam 3

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Test 1

Test 1

8 pages

Essay

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12 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

22 pages

Vision

Vision

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Lecture 1

Lecture 1

80 pages

Exam 4

Exam 4

25 pages

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